{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127560734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/gcaiot51063.2020.9345858","title":"Towards an IoT-based Deep Learning Architecture for Camera Trap Image Classification","display_name":"Towards an IoT-based Deep Learning Architecture for Camera Trap Image Classification","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127560734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/gcaiot51063.2020.9345858","mag":"3127560734"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/gcaiot51063.2020.9345858","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/gcaiot51063.2020.9345858","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Global Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things (GCAIoT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035716630","display_name":"Imran Zualkernan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-5633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imran A. Zualkernan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Comp. Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comp. Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002516404","display_name":"Salam Dhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8143-6417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salam Dhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Comp. Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comp. Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062554276","display_name":"Jacky Judas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3967-3582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320769546","display_name":"WWF Colombia","ror":"https://ror.org/05jfx6e51","country_code":"CO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320769546","https://openalex.org/I4210094122"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacky Judas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Conservation Unit,Emirates Nature - WWF,Duai,UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Conservation Unit,Emirates Nature - WWF,Duai,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320769546"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066329186","display_name":"Ali Reza Sajun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1270-3005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Reza Sajun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Comp. Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comp. Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065796727","display_name":"Brylle Ryan Gomez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brylle Ryan Gomez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Comp. Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comp. Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080516885","display_name":"Lana Alhaj Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5210-0754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lana Alhaj Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Comp. Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comp. Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089053991","display_name":"Dara Sakhnini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dara Sakhnini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Comp. Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comp. Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1623,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9355762,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/camera-trap","display_name":"Camera trap","score":0.8272429704666138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7475160360336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6428941488265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-camera","display_name":"Smart camera","score":0.5389196872711182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5186533331871033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.515108048915863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4895135164260864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.4811607301235199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.47119781374931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.46239814162254333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4206354022026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3415314555168152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2811709940433502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08423712849617004}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779101711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1723004","display_name":"Camera trap","level":3,"score":0.8272429704666138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7475160360336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6428941488265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161334170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428778","display_name":"Smart camera","level":2,"score":0.5389196872711182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5186533331871033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.515108048915863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4895135164260864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4811607301235199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.47119781374931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.46239814162254333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4206354022026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3415314555168152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2811709940433502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08423712849617004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/gcaiot51063.2020.9345858","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/gcaiot51063.2020.9345858","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Global Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things (GCAIoT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323161","display_name":"WWF International","ror":"https://ror.org/00ppaw753"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2606637138","https://openalex.org/W2765861484","https://openalex.org/W2767556927","https://openalex.org/W2769210209","https://openalex.org/W2784396642","https://openalex.org/W2797977484","https://openalex.org/W2883386984","https://openalex.org/W2889499040","https://openalex.org/W2895082331","https://openalex.org/W2897654901","https://openalex.org/W2898242456","https://openalex.org/W2904095439","https://openalex.org/W2906939699","https://openalex.org/W2954914041","https://openalex.org/W2955425717","https://openalex.org/W2980483275","https://openalex.org/W2990520530","https://openalex.org/W2990629475","https://openalex.org/W3004390804","https://openalex.org/W3006575403","https://openalex.org/W3123772573"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2942586735","https://openalex.org/W2534668683","https://openalex.org/W3211931762","https://openalex.org/W4225757241","https://openalex.org/W3126507566","https://openalex.org/W4385414328","https://openalex.org/W3192562541","https://openalex.org/W2763966779","https://openalex.org/W3009018976","https://openalex.org/W4362473790"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Maintaining":[0],"biodiversity":[1],"is":[2,150],"a":[3,71,121,132,143,168,197],"key":[4],"component":[5],"of":[6,84,104,109,170,181,193],"the":[7,99,126,129,138,154],"United":[8],"Nations":[9],"(UN)":[10],"\u201cLife":[11],"on":[12,81,128,158,196],"Land\u201d":[13],"sustainability":[14],"goal.":[15],"Remote":[16],"camera":[17,30,61,123,155,159],"traps":[18,31,160],"monitoring":[19],"animals'":[20],"movements":[21],"support":[22],"research":[23],"in":[24,37,70,161],"biodiversity.":[25],"However,":[26],"images":[27,63,86,119,156],"from":[28,120],"these":[29],"are":[32],"currently":[33],"labeled":[34],"manually":[35],"resulting":[36],"high":[38],"processing":[39,171],"costs":[40],"and":[41,55,64,77,90,106,136,186],"long":[42],"delays.":[43],"This":[44],"paper":[45],"proposes":[46],"an":[47,107,178,191],"IoT":[48],"-based":[49],"system":[50,113],"that":[51,116],"leverages":[52],"deep":[53],"learning":[54],"edge":[56,130],"computing":[57],"to":[58,68,142,152],"automatically":[59],"label":[60],"trap":[62],"transmit":[65],"this":[66],"information":[67],"scientists":[69],"timely":[72],"manner.":[73],"Inception-V3,":[74],"MobileNet-V2,":[75],"ResNet-18,":[76],"DenseNet-121":[78],"were":[79],"trained":[80],"data":[82],"consisting":[83],"33,984":[85],"taken":[87],"during":[88],"day":[89],"night":[91],"with":[92,177],"6":[93],"animal":[94],"classes.":[95],"Inception-":[96],"V3":[97],"yielded":[98],"highest":[100],"macro":[101],"average":[102,179,192],"F1-score":[103],"0.93":[105],"accuracy":[108],"94%.":[110],"An":[111],"IoT-based":[112],"was":[114],"developed":[115],"directly":[117],"captures":[118],"commercial":[122],"trap,":[124],"does":[125],"inference":[127,189],"using":[131],"Raspberry":[133],"Pi":[134],"(RPi),":[135],"sends":[137],"classification":[139],"results":[140],"back":[141],"cloud":[144],"database":[145],"system.":[146],"A":[147],"mobile":[148],"App":[149],"used":[151],"monitor":[153],"classified":[157],"real-time.":[162],"The":[163],"RPi":[164,198],"could":[165],"easily":[166],"sustain":[167],"rate":[169],"1":[172],"image":[173],"every":[174],"2":[175],"seconds":[176],"latency":[180],"1.8":[182],"second/image.":[183],"After":[184],"capture":[185],"pre-processing,":[187],"each":[188],"took":[190],"0.2":[194],"Millisecond/image":[195],"Model":[199],"4B.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}