{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2787746726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpt.2017.8280123","title":"architect: Arbitrary-precision constant-hardware iterative compute","display_name":"architect: Arbitrary-precision constant-hardware iterative compute","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2787746726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpt.2017.8280123","mag":"2787746726"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fpt.2017.8280123","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpt.2017.8280123","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 International Conference on Field Programmable Technology (ICFPT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101898423","display_name":"He Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5437-7063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"He Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101557921","display_name":"James J. Davis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4910-3188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James J. Davis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002846450","display_name":"John Wickerson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6735-5533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Wickerson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029829952","display_name":"George A. Constantinides","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0201-310X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George A. Constantinides","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101898423"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4216,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84424911,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"73","last_page":"79"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11206","display_name":"Model Reduction and Neural Networks","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11034","display_name":"Digital Filter Design and Implementation","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6567203998565674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arbitrary-precision-arithmetic","display_name":"Arbitrary-precision arithmetic","score":0.6553075909614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.6239646077156067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/double-precision-floating-point-format","display_name":"Double-precision floating-point format","score":0.6182592511177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saturation-arithmetic","display_name":"Saturation arithmetic","score":0.5033685564994812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","score":0.4885893762111664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4776129424571991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floating-point","display_name":"Floating point","score":0.4666137099266052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43975839018821716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lookup-table","display_name":"Lookup table","score":0.43437743186950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-refinement","display_name":"Iterative refinement","score":0.4300307035446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.39186447858810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2919827699661255}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6567203998565674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83581934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527381","display_name":"Arbitrary-precision arithmetic","level":2,"score":0.6553075909614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.6239646077156067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35912277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1243369","display_name":"Double-precision floating-point format","level":3,"score":0.6182592511177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182775192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913725","display_name":"Saturation arithmetic","level":3,"score":0.5033685564994812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.4885893762111664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4776129424571991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84211073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117879","display_name":"Floating point","level":2,"score":0.4666137099266052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43975839018821716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134835016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690265","display_name":"Lookup table","level":2,"score":0.43437743186950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779982483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094420","display_name":"Iterative refinement","level":2,"score":0.4300307035446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.39186447858810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2919827699661255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fpt.2017.8280123","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpt.2017.8280123","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 International Conference on Field Programmable Technology (ICFPT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/51688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/51688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Field-programmable Technology (FPT) 2017","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7639885267","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K034448/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G774180880","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P010040/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320005","display_name":"Royal Academy of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/0526snb40"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1584707396","https://openalex.org/W1610902723","https://openalex.org/W2001643125","https://openalex.org/W2028050352","https://openalex.org/W2030898836","https://openalex.org/W2105737698","https://openalex.org/W2116462613","https://openalex.org/W2119141121","https://openalex.org/W2121848241","https://openalex.org/W2123320610","https://openalex.org/W2137994790","https://openalex.org/W2169259948","https://openalex.org/W2169941994","https://openalex.org/W2482880624","https://openalex.org/W2591752562","https://openalex.org/W2604515753","https://openalex.org/W2916844179","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W6680921412","https://openalex.org/W6736283000"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2116803521","https://openalex.org/W2773283032","https://openalex.org/W3150959508","https://openalex.org/W3215589575","https://openalex.org/W2551094850","https://openalex.org/W2012407419","https://openalex.org/W3150370983","https://openalex.org/W1983325766","https://openalex.org/W2797902698","https://openalex.org/W2930605373"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"algorithms":[1,18],"feature":[2],"an":[3,135],"iterative":[4],"loop":[5],"that":[6,92,126],"converges":[7],"to":[8,79,98,117,133,141,181],"the":[9,47,59,66,90,93,113,167,176,186,192,226],"result":[10,48,180],"of":[11,31,138,178,188,191],"interest.":[12],"The":[13],"numerical":[14],"operations":[15],"in":[16,39,68,89,151,200],"such":[17],"are":[19,170],"generally":[20],"implemented":[21],"using":[22],"finite-precision":[23],"arithmetic,":[24],"either":[25,171],"fixed":[26,127],"or":[27,64,173],"floating":[28],"point,":[29],"most":[30],"which":[32],"operate":[33],"least-significant":[34],"digit":[35,122],"first.":[36],"This":[37],"results":[38,119],"a":[40,101,107,179,182,197,210],"fundamental":[41],"problem:":[42],"if,":[43],"after":[44],"some":[45,69],"time,":[46],"has":[49],"not":[50,57],"converged,":[51],"is":[52,75],"this":[53,81],"because":[54,65],"we":[55,124,195],"have":[56],"run":[58,99],"algorithm":[60],"for":[61,100,175],"enough":[62],"iterations":[63,70,140,190],"arithmetic":[67,115,164,215,229],"was":[71],"insufficiently":[72],"precise?":[73],"There":[74],"no":[76],"easy":[77],"way":[78],"answer":[80,94],"question,":[82],"so":[83],"users":[84],"will":[85,95],"often":[86],"over-budget":[87],"precision":[88,146],"hope":[91],"always":[96],"be":[97,131],"few":[102],"more":[103],"iterations.":[104],"We":[105],"propose":[106],"fundamentally":[108],"new":[109],"approach:":[110],"armed":[111],"with":[112,144,218],"appropriate":[114],"able":[116],"generate":[118],"from":[120],"most-significant":[121],"first,":[123],"show":[125],"compute-area":[128],"hardware":[129],"can":[130],"used":[132],"calculate":[134],"arbitrary":[136,142],"number":[137],"algorithmic":[139],"precision,":[143],"both":[145],"and":[147,202,205,221],"iteration":[148],"index":[149],"increasing":[150],"lockstep.":[152],"Thus,":[153],"datapaths":[154],"constructed":[155],"following":[156],"our":[157],"principles":[158],"demonstrate":[159],"efficiency":[160],"over":[161,209],"their":[162],"traditional":[163,214],"equivalents":[165],"where":[166],"latter's":[168],"precisions":[169],"under-":[172],"over-budgeted":[174],"computation":[177],"particular":[183],"accuracy.":[184],"For":[185],"execution":[187],"100":[189],"Jacobi":[193],"method,":[194],"obtain":[196],"1.60\u00d7":[198],"increase":[199],"frequency":[201],"15.7\u00d7":[203],"LUT":[204,220],"50.2\u00d7":[206],"flip-flop":[207,223],"reductions":[208],"2048-bit":[211],"parallel-in,":[212],"serial-out":[213],"equivalent,":[216],"along":[217],"46.2\u00d7":[219],"83.3\u00d7":[222],"decreases":[224],"versus":[225],"state-of-the-art":[227],"online":[228],"implementation.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T13:04:00.132906","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}