{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4240975755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpt.2010.5681438","title":"An FPGA chip identification generator using configurable ring oscillator","display_name":"An FPGA chip identification generator using configurable ring oscillator","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4240975755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpt.2010.5681438"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fpt.2010.5681438","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpt.2010.5681438","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2010 International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100892776","display_name":"Haile Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haile Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107994859","display_name":"Philip H. W. Leong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3923-3499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip H.W. Leong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088556682","display_name":"Qiang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6747-126X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38736059,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"312","last_page":"315"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7390415072441101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.629999577999115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.5547369122505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.5514125823974609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5289920568466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spartan","display_name":"Spartan","score":0.49759677052497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4039064049720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.36418581008911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.323688805103302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.29743051528930664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.27810630202293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.18620875477790833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1629190742969513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.16146311163902283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13921910524368286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1336950659751892}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7390415072441101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.629999577999115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.5547369122505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.5514125823974609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5289920568466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10689553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405953","display_name":"Spartan","level":3,"score":0.49759677052497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4039064049720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.36418581008911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.323688805103302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29743051528930664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.27810630202293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.18620875477790833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1629190742969513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.16146311163902283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13921910524368286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1336950659751892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fpt.2010.5681438","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpt.2010.5681438","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2010 International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.380.543","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.380.543","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/~qxu/yu-fpt10-id.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.710.3928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.710.3928","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ee.usyd.edu.au/people/philip.leong/UserFiles/File/papers/id_fpt10.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065549026","https://openalex.org/W2084211711","https://openalex.org/W2101815940","https://openalex.org/W2130351941","https://openalex.org/W2171232284","https://openalex.org/W3145722221","https://openalex.org/W3151293064","https://openalex.org/W6676995458","https://openalex.org/W6679357471"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3110137422","https://openalex.org/W3215016102","https://openalex.org/W2047513257","https://openalex.org/W2182587364","https://openalex.org/W1956109649","https://openalex.org/W1977065901","https://openalex.org/W3195700791","https://openalex.org/W2071074983","https://openalex.org/W2804202236","https://openalex.org/W3018478474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"improved":[1],"chip":[2],"identification":[3],"(ID)":[4],"generator,":[5],"otherwise":[6],"known":[7],"as":[8,111],"a":[9,20,27,47,57,123,136,218,233,257],"physically":[10],"unclonable":[11],"function":[12],"(PUF)":[13],"is":[14,23,53,86,98,102,122,210,243,256],"described.":[15],"Similar":[16],"to":[17,25,168,172,204,214,247],"previous":[18,128],"designs,":[19],"cell,":[21],"i,":[22],"used":[24],"obtain":[26,39],"measure":[28],"of":[29,34,59,65,74,158,161,199],"the":[30,40,72,92,100,156,159,179,193,226,239],"difference":[31],"in":[32,107,178,236],"period":[33],"four":[35],"ring":[36,140],"oscillators":[37,141],"and":[38,114,188,202,222,232],"residue":[41],"R":[42,75,163],"<sub":[43,76,82,164],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[44,77,83,165,252],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">i</sub>":[45,78,84,166],",":[46,254],"random":[48],"variable.":[49],"Experiments":[50],"show":[51,191],"it":[52,97],"normally":[54],"distributed":[55],"with":[56,138,143],"mean":[58,160],"0.":[60],"A":[61],"binary":[62],"output":[63],"value":[64],"0":[66,216],"or":[67],"1":[68],"assigned":[69],"depending":[70],"on":[71],"sign":[73],".":[79],"When":[80],"|E(R":[81],")|":[85],"large,":[87],"this":[88,132,176],"scheme":[89],"consistently":[90],"gives":[91],"same":[93],"output.":[94],"Unfortunately,":[95],"when":[96,105],"small,":[99],"repeatability":[101,153],"compromised,":[103],"particularly":[104],"variations":[106],"operating":[108],"conditions":[109],"such":[110],"supply":[112,220,237],"voltage":[113,221],"temperature":[115,230],"are":[116,186],"also":[117],"taken":[118],"into":[119],"account,":[120],"which":[121,255],"common":[124],"problem":[125],"for":[126],"all":[127],"works.":[129],"To":[130],"address":[131],"problem,":[133],"we":[134],"propose":[135],"cell":[137],"configurable":[139],"together":[142],"an":[144],"orthogonal":[145],"re-initialisation":[146],"scheme.":[147],"Together,":[148],"these":[149],"two":[150],"techniques":[151],"maximise":[152],"by":[154],"causing":[155],"distribution":[157],"different":[162],"'s":[167],"change":[169],"from":[170,212,245],"normal":[171],"bimodal.":[173],"We":[174],"implement":[175],"design":[177],"Xilinx":[180],"Spartan-3e":[181],"FPGA.":[182],"Nine":[183],"FPGA":[184],"chips":[185],"tested,":[187],"experimental":[189],"results":[190],"that":[192],"new":[194],"method":[195],"significantly":[196],"enhances":[197],"reliability":[198],"ID":[200],"generation":[201],"tolerance":[203],"environmental":[205],"changes.":[206],"Bit":[207],"flip":[208,241],"rate":[209,242],"reduced":[211,244],"1.5%":[213],"approximately":[215],"at":[217],"fixed":[219],"room":[223],"temperature.":[224],"Over":[225],"20":[227],"-":[228],"80\u00b0C":[229],"range,":[231],"25%":[234],"variation":[235],"voltage,":[238],"bit":[240],"1.56%":[246],"3.125":[248],"\u00d7":[249],"10":[250],"<sup":[251],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-7</sup>":[253],"50000x":[258],"improvement.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
