{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2526182922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2016.7577387","title":"Single-FPGA 3D ultrasound beamformer","display_name":"Single-FPGA 3D ultrasound beamformer","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2526182922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2016.7577387","mag":"2526182922"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fpl.2016.7577387","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2016.7577387","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 26th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/132953","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047647989","display_name":"Ahmet Caner Y\u00fcz\u00fcg\u00fcler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7809-9897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. C. Yuzuguler","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u00c9cole Poly technique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c9cole Poly technique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109905422","display_name":"William Simon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Simon","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u00c9cole Poly technique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c9cole Poly technique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101714514","display_name":"Aya Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9548-2433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u00c9cole Poly technique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c9cole Poly technique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091526399","display_name":"Federico Angiolini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Angiolini","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u00c9cole Poly technique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c9cole Poly technique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010588629","display_name":"Marcel Arditi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1824-7779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Arditi","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u00c9cole Poly technique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c9cole Poly technique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067782007","display_name":"Jean\u2010Philippe Thiran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97565354","display_name":"University of Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/019whta54","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97565354"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.-P. Thiran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Switzerland","\u00c9cole Poly technique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97565354"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c9cole Poly technique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072927296","display_name":"Giovanni De Micheli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7827-3215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. De Micheli","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u00c9cole Poly technique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c9cole Poly technique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047647989"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5554,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71845507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10727","display_name":"Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10727","display_name":"Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7163205742835999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7016881108283997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.6541751027107239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.4999830722808838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-ultrasound","display_name":"3D ultrasound","score":0.4763496220111847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.46917253732681274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4268677234649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sonographer","display_name":"Sonographer","score":0.42011603713035583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35590386390686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3051181435585022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound","display_name":"Ultrasound","score":0.2400248944759369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23731639981269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.23513391613960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.14533105492591858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13211655616760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.11381664872169495}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7163205742835999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7016881108283997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.6541751027107239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.4999830722808838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780170424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229399","display_name":"3D ultrasound","level":3,"score":0.4763496220111847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.46917253732681274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4268677234649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778941581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11251722","display_name":"Sonographer","level":3,"score":0.42011603713035583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35590386390686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3051181435585022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.2400248944759369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23731639981269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.23513391613960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.14533105492591858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13211655616760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.11381664872169495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fpl.2016.7577387","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2016.7577387","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 26th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.tind.io:224462","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/132953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.tind.io:224462","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/132953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference proceedings"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982025307","https://openalex.org/W2525561311"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059545205","https://openalex.org/W1980037273","https://openalex.org/W3047805102","https://openalex.org/W2923954658","https://openalex.org/W4295125128","https://openalex.org/W4297019197","https://openalex.org/W2110611936","https://openalex.org/W4372358098","https://openalex.org/W3084057374","https://openalex.org/W143035258"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,154,206],"medical":[1],"diagnosis,":[2],"ultrasound":[3],"(US)":[4],"imaging":[5,35],"is":[6,23,75,91,98,162,191,238,278,286,295],"one":[7],"of":[8,40,103,122,132,141,158,165,173,197,214,245],"the":[9,37,46,99,116,120,127,130,139,145,156,159,163,212,228,243,258,270,292,298,301],"most":[10,100],"common,":[11],"safe,":[12],"and":[13,58,68,94,109,144,152,303],"powerful":[14],"techniques.":[15],"Volumetric":[16],"(3D)":[17],"US":[18,88],"imaging,":[19,30],"an":[20],"emerging":[21],"technique,":[22],"even":[24],"more":[25,182],"attractive":[26],"than":[27],"standard":[28],"2D":[29],"as":[31],"it":[32],"allows":[33],"for":[34],"without":[36],"local":[38],"presence":[39],"a":[41,77,86,180,194,215,219,231,246,250],"trained":[42],"sonographer":[43],"finely":[44],"positioning":[45],"probe.":[47],"This":[48,136],"would":[49],"be":[50],"particularly":[51],"useful":[52],"in":[53,280,288],"rescue":[54],"operations,":[55],"remote":[56],"areas":[57],"developing":[59],"countries.":[60],"Unfortunately,":[61],"present-day":[62],"3D":[63,104,293],"imagers":[64,112],"are":[65,148,306],"expensive,":[66],"bulky":[67],"power-hungry,":[69],"confining":[70],"them":[71],"to":[72,80,84,171,269],"hospitals.":[73],"There":[74],"therefore":[76],"strong":[78],"motivation":[79],"develop":[81],"efficient":[82,183],"electronics":[83],"enable":[85],"portable":[87],"platform":[89],"that":[90],"small,":[92],"cheap,":[93],"battery-operated.":[95],"Beamforming":[96],"(BF)":[97],"computationally":[101],"expensive":[102],"imaging.":[105],"Both":[106],"commercial":[107],"[1]":[108],"research":[110],"[2]":[111],"have":[113,226],"dealt":[114],"with":[115,221],"challenge":[117],"by":[118],"reducing":[119],"number":[121],"receive":[123,223],"channels,":[124],"hence":[125],"simplifying":[126],"computation":[128],"through":[129],"usage":[131],"far":[133],"fewer":[134],"elements.":[135],"comes":[137],"at":[138],"cost":[140],"image":[142],"quality,":[143],"resulting":[146],"machines":[147],"nonetheless":[149],"still":[150],"non-portable":[151],"expensive.":[153],"turn,":[155],"bottleneck":[157],"BF":[160],"process":[161],"calculation":[164,276],"acoustic":[166],"delays,":[167],"which":[168,237],"requires":[169],"up":[170],"trillions":[172],"square":[174,198],"roots":[175,199],"per":[176],"second.":[177],"We":[178,225,240],"propose":[179],"drastically":[181],"architecture":[184,229,277],"[3].":[185],"With":[186],"geometric":[187],"considerations,":[188],"each":[189],"delay":[190,275],"calculated":[192],"from":[193],"small":[195],"set":[196],"(mapped":[200],"onto":[201],"CORDICs),":[202],"plus":[203],"two":[204],"additions.":[205],"this":[207],"demo,":[208],"we":[209],"will":[210],"show":[211],"reconstruction":[213],"2.5M-voxel":[216],"volume,":[217],"supporting":[218],"transducer":[220],"32\u00d732":[222],"channels.":[224],"fitted":[227],"into":[230],"single":[232],"Kintex":[233],"UltraScale":[234,252],"KU040":[235],"[4],":[236],"unprecedented.":[239],"also":[241],"extrapolated":[242],"utilization":[244],"80\u00d780":[247],"instance":[248],"on":[249,297,309],"Virtex":[251],"XCVU190":[253],"[4].":[254],"Table":[255],"I":[256],"shows":[257,263],"implementation":[259],"results.":[260],"Fig.":[261,281,289],"1":[262],"our":[264],"beamformer":[265,294],"custom":[266],"block":[267],"connected":[268],"other":[271],"FPGA":[272],"subsystems.":[273],"The":[274,283],"shown":[279],"2.":[282],"demo":[284],"setup":[285],"presented":[287],"3,":[290],"where":[291],"implemented":[296],"FPGA,":[299],"while":[300],"pre-":[302],"post-processing":[304],"stages":[305],"currently":[307],"performed":[308],"Matlab.":[310]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}