{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2526841412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2016.7577347","title":"Trojans modifying soft-processor instruction sequences embedded in FPGA bitstreams","display_name":"Trojans modifying soft-processor instruction sequences embedded in FPGA bitstreams","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2526841412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2016.7577347","mag":"2526841412"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fpl.2016.7577347","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2016.7577347","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 26th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069831788","display_name":"\u0130smail San","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3005-1813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133743585","display_name":"Anadolu University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nz37n09","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133743585"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091745","display_name":"Eski\u015fehir City Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00czdkn85","country_code":"TR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303077703","https://openalex.org/I4210091745"]}],"countries":["TR","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ismail San","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey","University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133743585","https://openalex.org/I4210091745"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039254939","display_name":"Nicole Fern","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7620-9415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicole Fern","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018100877","display_name":"\u00c7etin Kaya Ko\u00e7","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-9565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cetin Kaya Koc","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077687075","display_name":"Kwang\u2010Ting Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3885-4912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwang-Ting Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069831788"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133743585","https://openalex.org/I154570441","https://openalex.org/I4210091745"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10917325,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitstream","display_name":"Bitstream","score":0.89650958776474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8319396376609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.7010235786437988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6574426293373108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.565802276134491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5447536110877991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.528287947177887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.48441559076309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.48080506920814514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.43494758009910583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instruction-set","display_name":"Instruction set","score":0.4106501340866089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3547816276550293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.34933871030807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2619425654411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.21768274903297424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.15966948866844177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.11345899105072021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.08774292469024658}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136695289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415568","display_name":"Bitstream","level":3,"score":0.89650958776474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8319396376609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.7010235786437988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6574426293373108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.565802276134491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5447536110877991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.528287947177887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48441559076309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.48080506920814514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.43494758009910583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202491316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272683","display_name":"Instruction set","level":2,"score":0.4106501340866089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3547816276550293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.34933871030807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2619425654411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.21768274903297424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.15966948866844177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.11345899105072021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.08774292469024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fpl.2016.7577347","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2016.7577347","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 26th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-86470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-86470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49599899","https://openalex.org/W565154095","https://openalex.org/W1586383858","https://openalex.org/W1598124977","https://openalex.org/W1975607764","https://openalex.org/W1988983317","https://openalex.org/W2005006301","https://openalex.org/W2021705882","https://openalex.org/W2060389684","https://openalex.org/W2066234652","https://openalex.org/W2093154965","https://openalex.org/W2099105559","https://openalex.org/W2103380811","https://openalex.org/W2107937248","https://openalex.org/W2109540106","https://openalex.org/W2110470769","https://openalex.org/W2127992996","https://openalex.org/W2134267152","https://openalex.org/W2171549192","https://openalex.org/W2507916045","https://openalex.org/W3030293475","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6679705657","https://openalex.org/W6725290152"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385434494","https://openalex.org/W3159333627","https://openalex.org/W3004467197","https://openalex.org/W2091750459","https://openalex.org/W2999465529","https://openalex.org/W4328053173","https://openalex.org/W1500594134","https://openalex.org/W3084939900","https://openalex.org/W2382172865","https://openalex.org/W4312301784"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reconfigurable":[0],"platforms":[1],"such":[2],"as":[3,76],"FPGAs":[4],"and":[5,12,19,45,58,106],"CPLDs":[6],"are":[7],"used":[8],"to":[9,43,56,78,86,99,102,118,139],"implement":[10],"flexible":[11],"lightweight":[13],"embedded":[14],"systems":[15],"often":[16],"using":[17,120],"soft-processors":[18],"a":[20,71,125,129,134],"fixed":[21,62],"instruction":[22,63,67],"sequence":[23,68,101],"stored":[24],"in":[25,37,73,79],"block":[26,47],"memories.":[27],"The":[28],"bitstream":[29,75],"format":[30],"is":[31,131],"proprietary":[32],"for":[33],"most":[34],"vendors,":[35],"however,":[36],"this":[38],"work":[39],"we":[40],"demonstrate":[41],"how":[42],"identify":[44],"extract":[46],"memory":[48],"contents":[49],"within":[50],"the":[51,61,66,74,80,92,100,110,149,154],"bitstream,":[52],"allowing":[53],"an":[54,84],"adversary":[55,85],"learn":[57],"possibly":[59],"modify":[60],"sequence.":[64],"Manipulating":[65],"by":[69,144],"inserting":[70],"Trojan":[72,130],"opposed":[77],"RTL":[81],"code":[82],"allows":[83],"bypass":[87],"many":[88],"verification":[89],"steps.":[90],"Moreover,":[91],"proposed":[93],"Trojans":[94],"only":[95],"add":[96],"extra":[97,146],"instructions":[98,147],"leak":[103,140],"secret":[104],"information,":[105],"do":[107],"not":[108],"change":[109],"original":[111,155],"program":[112,138,156],"behavior,":[113],"making":[114],"them":[115],"virtually":[116],"impossible":[117],"detect":[119],"functional":[121],"tests.":[122],"We":[123],"present":[124],"case":[126],"study":[127],"where":[128],"injected":[132],"into":[133],"MIPS":[135],"AES":[136],"encryption":[137],"internal":[141],"state":[142],"information":[143],"adding":[145],"from":[148],"available":[150],"ones":[151],"without":[152],"changing":[153],"behavior.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}