{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2092633783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2014.6927483","title":"Trends of CPU, GPU and FPGA for high-performance computing","display_name":"Trends of CPU, GPU and FPGA for high-performance computing","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2092633783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2014.6927483","mag":"2092633783"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fpl.2014.6927483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2014.6927483","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 24th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003178960","display_name":"M\u00e1rio V\u00e9stias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8556-4507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121345201","display_name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento","ror":"https://ror.org/04mqy3p58","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mario Vestias","raw_affiliation_strings":["INESC-ID/ISEL/IPL, Lisbon, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC-ID/ISEL/IPL, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062555847","display_name":"Hor\u00e1cio C. Neto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3621-8322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121345201","display_name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento","ror":"https://ror.org/04mqy3p58","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Horacio Neto","raw_affiliation_strings":["INESC-ID, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal","INESC-ID / Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico -- Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC-ID, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I141596103"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC-ID / Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico -- Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003178960"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1505,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":90,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91799506,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7931526899337769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7907525897026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-purpose-computing-on-graphics-processing-units","display_name":"General-purpose computing on graphics processing units","score":0.6601763963699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floating-point","display_name":"Floating point","score":0.6320224404335022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supercomputer","display_name":"Supercomputer","score":0.5794080495834351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.5772801041603088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics-processing-unit","display_name":"Graphics processing unit","score":0.5480268001556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5415868759155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.5019118785858154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coprocessor","display_name":"Coprocessor","score":0.4924353063106537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4446238875389099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4029967784881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.36357584595680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.36154788732528687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.2940296530723572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10130628943443298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.09867614507675171}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7931526899337769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7907525897026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50630238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971505","display_name":"General-purpose computing on graphics processing units","level":3,"score":0.6601763963699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84211073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117879","display_name":"Floating point","level":2,"score":0.6320224404335022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83283714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121117","display_name":"Supercomputer","level":2,"score":0.5794080495834351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.5772801041603088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779851693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183484","display_name":"Graphics processing unit","level":2,"score":0.5480268001556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5415868759155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.5019118785858154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86111242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859595","display_name":"Coprocessor","level":2,"score":0.4924353063106537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4446238875389099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4029967784881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.36357584595680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.36154788732528687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2940296530723572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10130628943443298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.09867614507675171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fpl.2014.6927483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2014.6927483","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 24th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.ipl.pt:10400.21/4840","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10400.21/4840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400761","display_name":"Reposit\u00f3rio Cient\u00edfico do Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa (Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I203847022","host_organization_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference object"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975370037","https://openalex.org/W1979081194","https://openalex.org/W2022020111","https://openalex.org/W2023662626","https://openalex.org/W2030005191","https://openalex.org/W2043815169","https://openalex.org/W2044407308","https://openalex.org/W2047360623","https://openalex.org/W2066886134","https://openalex.org/W2076579329","https://openalex.org/W2078147143","https://openalex.org/W2090794804","https://openalex.org/W2105853930","https://openalex.org/W2108066920","https://openalex.org/W2113754927","https://openalex.org/W2129690141","https://openalex.org/W2159747318","https://openalex.org/W2271934614","https://openalex.org/W6669817650","https://openalex.org/W6694197373"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2151046618","https://openalex.org/W1972148443","https://openalex.org/W1969233021","https://openalex.org/W2370279919","https://openalex.org/W2167646277","https://openalex.org/W2152301037","https://openalex.org/W2565862224","https://openalex.org/W2027443981","https://openalex.org/W2388314963","https://openalex.org/W3158047141"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Floating-point":[0],"computing":[1,60,64,109],"with":[2,110],"more":[3],"than":[4],"one":[5],"TFLOP":[6],"of":[7,33,58,72,127],"peak":[8,49,82],"performance":[9],"is":[10],"already":[11],"a":[12],"reality":[13],"in":[14,38,69,81],"recent":[15,26,35],"Field-Programmable":[16],"Gate":[17],"Arrays":[18],"(FPGA).":[19],"General-Purpose":[20],"Graphics":[21],"Processing":[22],"Units":[23],"(GPGPU)":[24],"and":[25,43,65,86,101,134],"many-core":[27,102],"CPUs":[28,103],"have":[29],"also":[30,45],"taken":[31],"advantage":[32],"the":[34,56,70,97],"technological":[36],"innovations":[37],"integrated":[39],"circuit":[40],"(IC)":[41],"design":[42],"had":[44],"dramatically":[46],"improved":[47],"their":[48],"performances.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52],"paper,":[53],"we":[54],"compare":[55],"trends":[57],"these":[59,67],"architectures":[61],"for":[62,89,117,123,130],"high-performance":[63,108],"survey":[66],"platforms":[68],"execution":[71],"algorithms":[73],"belonging":[74],"to":[75,99],"different":[76],"scientific":[77],"application":[78],"domains.":[79],"Trends":[80],"performance,":[83],"power":[84],"consumption":[85],"sustained":[87],"performances,":[88],"particular":[90],"applications,":[91],"show":[92],"that":[93],"FPGAs":[94,114],"are":[95],"increasing":[96],"gap":[98],"GPUs":[100],"moving":[104],"them":[105],"away":[106],"from":[107],"intensive":[111],"floating-point":[112,119],"calculations.":[113],"become":[115],"competitive":[116],"custom":[118],"or":[120],"fixed-point":[121],"representations,":[122],"smaller":[124],"input":[125],"sizes":[126],"certain":[128],"algorithms,":[129],"combinational":[131],"logic":[132],"problems":[133],"parallel":[135],"map-reduce":[136],"problems.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}