{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2084211711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2009.5272255","title":"Towards a unique FPGA-based identification circuit using process variations","display_name":"Towards a unique FPGA-based identification circuit using process variations","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2084211711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2009.5272255","mag":"2084211711"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fpl.2009.5272255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2009.5272255","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002947457","display_name":"Hailong Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7835-397X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department Computer Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","Dept. Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Computer Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107994859","display_name":"Philip H. W. Leong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3923-3499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P.H.W. Leong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department Computer Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","Dept. Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Computer Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055033918","display_name":"Heiko Hinkelmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0982-034X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Hinkelmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Germany","Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Technische Universitat Darmstadt (TUD), Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Technische Universitat Darmstadt (TUD), Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113508004","display_name":"Leandro M\u00f6ller","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Moller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Germany","Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Technische Universitat Darmstadt (TUD), Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Technische Universitat Darmstadt (TUD), Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002162776","display_name":"Manfred Glesner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Glesner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Germany","Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Technische Universitat Darmstadt (TUD), Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Technische Universitat Darmstadt (TUD), Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002067478","display_name":"Peter Zipf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4725-4246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106157433","display_name":"University of Kassel","ror":"https://ror.org/04zc7p361","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106157433"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Zipf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Technology Laboratory, University of Kassel, Germany","Digital Technology Lab, University of Kassel, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Technology Laboratory, University of Kassel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106157433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Technology Lab, University of Kassel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106157433"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7532,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93527631,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.771146297454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6439625024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-variation","display_name":"Process variation","score":0.6123571991920471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5916932821273804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5808387994766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5708916783332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5382257699966431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.534139096736908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.528258204460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.476440966129303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring","display_name":"Ring (chemistry)","score":0.4452044367790222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3904377222061157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3784027695655823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.25130683183670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15607789158821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13686609268188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11271655559539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.10704022645950317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09349110722541809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.771146297454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6439625024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93389723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247313","display_name":"Process variation","level":3,"score":0.6123571991920471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5916932821273804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5808387994766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5708916783332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5382257699966431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.534139096736908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.528258204460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.476440966129303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351438","display_name":"Ring (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4452044367790222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3904377222061157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3784027695655823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.25130683183670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15607789158821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13686609268188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11271655559539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.10704022645950317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09349110722541809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fpl.2009.5272255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2009.5272255","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.159.8872","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.159.8872","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/~phwl/mt/public/archives/papers/id_fpl09.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515671919","https://openalex.org/W1566907904","https://openalex.org/W1973429805","https://openalex.org/W2116374153","https://openalex.org/W2130351941","https://openalex.org/W2138874069","https://openalex.org/W2141682861","https://openalex.org/W6630771808","https://openalex.org/W6679357471"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3195700791","https://openalex.org/W2071074983","https://openalex.org/W3018478474","https://openalex.org/W2587909015","https://openalex.org/W2808212302","https://openalex.org/W2020386733","https://openalex.org/W2166959660","https://openalex.org/W2624489778","https://openalex.org/W2571954715","https://openalex.org/W2093731983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,30],"compact":[1],"chip":[2],"identification":[3],"(ID)":[4],"circuit":[5],"with":[6],"improved":[7],"reliability":[8],"is":[9,24,36,75,95,112],"presented.":[10],"Ring":[11],"oscillators":[12,47],"are":[13],"used":[14],"to":[15,38,77,82],"measure":[16],"the":[17,22,41,49,56,87,90,101,104,107,110],"spatial":[18],"process":[19],"variation":[20],"and":[21,33,106,118],"ID":[23],"based":[25],"on":[26,72],"their":[27],"relative":[28],"speeds.":[29],"novel":[31],"averaging":[32],"postprocessing":[34],"scheme":[35,105],"employed":[37],"accurately":[39],"determine":[40],"faster":[42],"of":[43,51,59,92,100,103,109],"two":[44],"similar-frequency":[45],"ring":[46],"in":[48,67],"presence":[50],"noise.":[52],"Using":[53],"this":[54],"scheme,":[55],"average":[57],"number":[58],"unstable":[60,93],"bits":[61,63,94],"i.e.":[62],"which":[64],"can":[65],"change":[66],"value":[68],"between":[69],"readings,":[70],"measured":[71],"an":[73],"FPGA":[74,119],"shown":[76],"be":[78],"reduced":[79],"from":[80],"5.3%":[81],"0.9%":[83],"at":[84],"20degC.":[85],"Within":[86],"range":[88],"20-60degC,":[89],"percentage":[91],"within":[96],"2.8%.":[97],"An":[98],"analysis":[99],"effectiveness":[102],"distribution":[108],"errors":[111],"given":[113],"over":[114],"different":[115],"temperature":[116],"ranges":[117],"chips.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}