{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2102110720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2005.1515771","title":"Hail: a hardware-accelerated algorithm for language identification","display_name":"Hail: a hardware-accelerated algorithm for language identification","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2102110720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2005.1515771","mag":"2102110720"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fpl.2005.1515771","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2005.1515771","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications, 2005.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044618102","display_name":"Charles M. Kastner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C.M. Kastner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Research Laboratory, Washington University of Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA","Appl. Res. Lab., Washington Univ. in St. Louis, MO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Research Laboratory, Washington University of Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Appl. Res. Lab., Washington Univ. in St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044479273","display_name":"G. Adam Covington","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G.A. Covington","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Research Laboratory, Washington University of Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA","Appl. Res. Lab., Washington Univ. in St. Louis, MO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Research Laboratory, Washington University of Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Appl. Res. Lab., Washington Univ. in St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109856567","display_name":"Andrew Levine","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.A. Levine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Research Laboratory, Washington University of Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA","Appl. Res. Lab., Washington Univ. in St. Louis, MO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Research Laboratory, Washington University of Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Appl. Res. Lab., Washington Univ. in St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110440603","display_name":"John W. Lockwood","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.W. Lockwood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Research Laboratory, Washington University of Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA","Appl. Res. Lab., Washington Univ. in St. Louis, MO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Research Laboratory, Washington University of Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Appl. Res. Lab., Washington Univ. in St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044618102"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1656,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91536244,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"499","last_page":"504"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9745000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7930454015731812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.768628716468811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.6109668016433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5402571558952332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5392888784408569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gigabit","display_name":"Gigabit","score":0.5321967005729675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.48506632447242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-description-language","display_name":"Hardware description language","score":0.47969958186149597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-protocol","display_name":"Internet Protocol","score":0.45648786425590515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.44119659066200256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4329315721988678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.42355209589004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.30061203241348267}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7930454015731812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.768628716468811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6109668016433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5402571558952332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5392888784408569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21922175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3105497","display_name":"Gigabit","level":2,"score":0.5321967005729675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.48506632447242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42143788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173341","display_name":"Hardware description language","level":3,"score":0.47969958186149597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35341882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8795","display_name":"Internet Protocol","level":3,"score":0.45648786425590515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.44119659066200256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4329315721988678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.42355209589004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.30061203241348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fpl.2005.1515771","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2005.1515771","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications, 2005.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.61.5586","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.61.5586","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.arl.wustl.edu/~lockwood/./publications/HAIL_WashU_FPL_2005-Final.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W239137430","https://openalex.org/W1483983931","https://openalex.org/W1509288909","https://openalex.org/W1605350824","https://openalex.org/W1614476484","https://openalex.org/W2056566747","https://openalex.org/W2115775347","https://openalex.org/W2116967744","https://openalex.org/W2121551981","https://openalex.org/W2142808699","https://openalex.org/W2160916964","https://openalex.org/W2269526801","https://openalex.org/W4236444653","https://openalex.org/W6664691001"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111241003","https://openalex.org/W2355315220","https://openalex.org/W4200391368","https://openalex.org/W2210979487","https://openalex.org/W4312574669","https://openalex.org/W2042515040","https://openalex.org/W4281723037","https://openalex.org/W3194507504","https://openalex.org/W2140663793","https://openalex.org/W2581419289"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"hardware-accelerated":[1,40],"algorithm":[2,20],"has":[3,21],"been":[4,22],"designed":[5],"to":[6,37],"automatically":[7],"identify":[8],"the":[9,17,27,39,47],"primary":[10,48],"languages":[11,43,49],"used":[12,50],"in":[13,24,51],"documents":[14],"transferred":[15,53],"over":[16,54],"Internet.":[18],"The":[19],"implemented":[23],"hardware":[25,73],"on":[26,77,87],"field":[28],"programmable":[29],"port":[30],"extender":[31],"(FPX)":[32],"platform.":[33],"This":[34],"system,":[35],"referred":[36],"as":[38],"identification":[41],"of":[42,96],"(HAIL)":[44],"project,":[45],"identifies":[46],"content":[52],"transmission":[55],"control":[56],"protocol":[57,59],"(TCP)/Internet":[58],"(IP)":[60],"networks":[61],"that":[62,71],"operate":[63],"at":[64],"rates":[65],"exceeding":[66],"2.4":[67],"Gigabits/second.":[68],"We":[69],"demonstrate":[70],"this":[72],"accelerated":[74],"circuit,":[75],"operating":[76],"a":[78],"Xilinx":[79],"XCV2000E-8":[80],"FPGA,":[81],"far":[82],"outperforms":[83],"software":[84],"algorithms":[85],"running":[86],"modern":[88],"personal":[89],"computers":[90],"while":[91],"maintaining":[92],"extremely":[93],"high":[94],"levels":[95],"accuracy.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}