{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413319902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fmec65595.2025.11119360","title":"Fog-Based Transformer Learning for Multi-Class Classification of RPL-Based Attacks","display_name":"Fog-Based Transformer Learning for Multi-Class Classification of RPL-Based Attacks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413319902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fmec65595.2025.11119360"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fmec65595.2025.11119360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fmec65595.2025.11119360","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 10th International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090696865","display_name":"Muhammad Uzair-ul-Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6046-7268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air University,Department of Avionics Engineering,Islamabad,Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air University,Department of Avionics Engineering,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008277736","display_name":"Noshina Tariq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-253X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noshina Tariq","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences,Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science,Islamabad,Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences,Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018881921","display_name":"Farrukh Aslam Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7023-7172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farrukh Aslam Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence in Information Assurance, King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Information Assurance, King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084235184","display_name":"Jalal Al\u2010Muhtadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0246-2148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jalal Al-Muhtadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence in Information Assurance, King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Information Assurance, King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"9","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9674999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6858807802200317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5455843210220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48446226119995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41818612813949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1720876693725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12093985080718994}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6858807802200317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5455843210220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48446226119995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41818612813949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1720876693725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12093985080718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fmec65595.2025.11119360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fmec65595.2025.11119360","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 10th International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3005201926","https://openalex.org/W3158792679","https://openalex.org/W3166218002","https://openalex.org/W4283164430","https://openalex.org/W4380785273","https://openalex.org/W4390278103","https://openalex.org/W4391913684","https://openalex.org/W4392350409","https://openalex.org/W4394586071","https://openalex.org/W4395017391","https://openalex.org/W4396620648","https://openalex.org/W4398793489","https://openalex.org/W4399605629","https://openalex.org/W4399909126","https://openalex.org/W4400414656","https://openalex.org/W4401463241","https://openalex.org/W4401509504","https://openalex.org/W4402374933","https://openalex.org/W4404031176","https://openalex.org/W4404704140","https://openalex.org/W4404756091","https://openalex.org/W4405540299","https://openalex.org/W4406028336","https://openalex.org/W4406137763","https://openalex.org/W4407430045","https://openalex.org/W4407434616","https://openalex.org/W4407573448","https://openalex.org/W4407752850","https://openalex.org/W4407787993"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Identifying":[0],"attacks":[1],"on":[2],"Routing":[3],"Protocol":[4],"for":[5,65,111,121],"LowPower":[6],"and":[7,39,47,59,92],"Lossy":[8],"Networks":[9],"(RPL)":[10],"is":[11],"quite":[12],"challenging":[13],"in":[14],"resource-limited":[15,112],"environments.":[16],"This":[17],"paper":[18],"develops":[19],"a":[20],"transformer":[21],"learning":[22,56],"system":[23],"implemented":[24],"through":[25],"fog":[26,113],"infrastructure":[27],"that":[28,115],"classifies":[29],"multiple":[30],"RPL-based":[31],"attacks.":[32],"The":[33,51,69,103],"evaluation":[34],"process":[35],"includes":[36],"extensive":[37],"simulations":[38],"dataset":[40],"generation":[41],"to":[42,62],"reproduce":[43],"real":[44],"attack":[45],"behaviors":[46],"varied":[48],"network":[49],"scenarios.":[50],"proposed":[52],"model":[53],"applies":[54],"deep":[55],"approaches,":[57],"SMOTE":[58],"weighted":[60],"sampling":[61],"balance":[63],"data":[64],"better":[66],"detection":[67,119],"outcomes.":[68],"experimental":[70],"results":[71],"indicate":[72],"excellent":[73],"classification":[74],"performance":[75],"with":[76],"an":[77],"accuracy":[78],"of":[79,84,95,123],"97.17":[80],"%,":[81],"AUC-ROC":[82],"scores":[83,94],"<tex":[85,96],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[86,97],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathbf{9":[87,98],"9.":[88],"7":[89],"6":[90],"\\%}$</tex>,":[91],"MCC":[93],"1.":[99],"8":[100],"0":[101],"\\%}$</tex>.":[102],"research":[104],"establishes":[105],"transformer-based":[106],"models":[107],"as":[108],"robust":[109],"solutions":[110],"environments":[114],"produce":[116],"efficient":[117],"intrusion":[118],"systems":[120],"Internet":[122],"Things":[124],"(IoT)":[125],"networks.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
