{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2968950679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fmec.2019.8795324","title":"A Qualitative Comparison Model for Application Layer IoT Protocols","display_name":"A Qualitative Comparison Model for Application Layer IoT Protocols","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2968950679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fmec.2019.8795324","mag":"2968950679"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fmec.2019.8795324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fmec.2019.8795324","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 Fourth International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008855882","display_name":"Syed Rameez Ullah Kakakhel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5901-2477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Rameez Ullah Kakakhel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031850966","display_name":"Tomi Westerlund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1793-2694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomi Westerlund","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063193249","display_name":"Masoud Daneshtalab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6289-1521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145666","display_name":"Embedded Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04742eh45","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82509713","display_name":"M\u00e4lardalen University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vfbz75","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82509713"]}],"countries":["SE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masoud Daneshtalab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Embedded Systems, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden","Department of Embedded Systems, M\u00e4lardalen University, V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Embedded Systems, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Embedded Systems, M\u00e4lardalen University, V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82509713"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043039025","display_name":"Zhuo Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8546-1329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuo Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Micro-Nano System Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Micro-Nano System Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075314597","display_name":"Juha Plosila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4018-5495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juha Plosila","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003371230","display_name":"Hannu Tenhunen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1959-6513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannu Tenhunen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5579,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70458059,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"210","last_page":"215"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mqtt","display_name":"MQTT","score":0.9660776853561401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8285248279571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.7581139802932739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5567481517791748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-layer","display_name":"Application layer","score":0.5559349060058594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.532315194606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.48962312936782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.45401233434677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4486277401447296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4115089774131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.39213040471076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.320634126663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.25883519649505615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.11563572287559509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.09183084964752197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132868160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10322548","display_name":"MQTT","level":3,"score":0.9660776853561401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8285248279571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.7581139802932739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5567481517791748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190793597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189768","display_name":"Application layer","level":3,"score":0.5559349060058594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.532315194606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48962312936782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.45401233434677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4486277401447296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4115089774131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.39213040471076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.320634126663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.25883519649505615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.11563572287559509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.09183084964752197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fmec.2019.8795324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fmec.2019.8795324","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 Fourth International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1619836230","https://openalex.org/W2041757462","https://openalex.org/W2095327350","https://openalex.org/W2104070548","https://openalex.org/W2129167764","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2441111165","https://openalex.org/W2606035474","https://openalex.org/W2908665966","https://openalex.org/W2975041239","https://openalex.org/W6757756550","https://openalex.org/W6767589057"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2769489861","https://openalex.org/W4388501054","https://openalex.org/W2802923594","https://openalex.org/W3172228157","https://openalex.org/W4384911781","https://openalex.org/W2786858043","https://openalex.org/W2974197507","https://openalex.org/W3195514317","https://openalex.org/W4390097507","https://openalex.org/W2735966499"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Protocols":[0],"enable":[1],"things":[2],"to":[3,24,39,83,90,124],"connect":[4],"and":[5,57,98,111,130],"communicate,":[6],"thus":[7],"making":[8],"the":[9,18,43,65],"Internet":[10,19],"of":[11,17,20,35],"Things":[12,21],"possible.":[13],"The":[14,116],"performance":[15],"aspect":[16,34],"protocols,":[22,37,94],"vital":[23],"its":[25,40],"widespread":[26],"utilization,":[27],"have":[28],"received":[29],"much":[30],"attention.":[31],"However,":[32],"one":[33],"IoT":[36,81,93],"essential":[38,79],"adoption":[41],"in":[42,64,74],"real":[44],"world,":[45],"is":[46],"a":[47],"protocols'":[48],"feature":[49],"set.":[50],"Comparative":[51],"analysis":[52],"based":[53,107],"on":[54,108],"competing":[55],"features":[56],"properties":[58],"are":[59,78,87],"rarely":[60],"if":[61],"ever,":[62],"discussed":[63],"literature.":[66],"In":[67],"this":[68],"paper,":[69],"we":[70,101],"define":[71],"19":[72],"attributes":[73,86],"5":[75],"categories":[76],"that":[77],"for":[80],"stakeholders":[82],"consider.":[84],"These":[85],"then":[88],"used":[89],"contrast":[91],"four":[92],"MQTT,":[95],"HTTP,":[96],"CoAP":[97],"XMPP.":[99],"Furthermore,":[100],"discuss":[102],"scenarios":[103],"where":[104],"an":[105],"assessment":[106],"comparative":[109],"strengths":[110],"weaknesses":[112],"would":[113],"be":[114,121],"beneficial.":[115],"provided":[117],"comparison":[118],"model":[119],"can":[120],"easily":[122],"extended":[123],"include":[125],"protocols":[126],"like":[127],"MQTT-SN,":[128],"AMQP":[129],"DDS.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}