{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130606402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fllm67465.2025.11391174","title":"Balancing Cost and Quality in LLM-based Test Case Generation by Prompt Engineering","display_name":"Balancing Cost and Quality in LLM-based Test Case Generation by Prompt Engineering","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130606402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fllm67465.2025.11391174"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fllm67465.2025.11391174","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fllm67465.2025.11391174","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 3rd International Conference on Foundation and Large Language Models (FLLM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126383912","display_name":"So Onishi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133984924","display_name":"Doshisha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fxdkm29","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"So Onishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Doshisha University,Graduate School of Science and Engineering,Kyoto,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doshisha University,Graduate School of Science and Engineering,Kyoto,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104064572","display_name":"Keisuke Kitamura","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133984924","display_name":"Doshisha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fxdkm29","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keisuke Kitamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Doshisha University,Graduate School of Science and Engineering,Kyoto,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doshisha University,Graduate School of Science and Engineering,Kyoto,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064716433","display_name":"Akihito Kohiga","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133984924","display_name":"Doshisha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fxdkm29","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akihito Kohiga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Doshisha University,Graduate School of Science and Engineering,Kyoto,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doshisha University,Graduate School of Science and Engineering,Kyoto,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052363536","display_name":"Takahiro Koita","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133984924","display_name":"Doshisha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fxdkm29","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takahiro Koita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Doshisha University,Graduate School of Science and Engineering,Kyoto,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doshisha University,Graduate School of Science and Engineering,Kyoto,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63252726,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1127","last_page":"1134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9672999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9672999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.007799999788403511,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.005499999970197678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5439000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4796000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-coverage","display_name":"Code coverage","score":0.47440001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.47279998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.42559999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3596000075340271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7001000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5439000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4796000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53942775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1211721","display_name":"Code coverage","level":3,"score":0.47440001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.47279998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4431000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.42559999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.3407999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58646249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127380","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","level":3,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776639384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840396","display_name":"Ideal (ethics)","level":2,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778505590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141022","display_name":"Eclipse","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197640229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2534066","display_name":"Predictability","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fllm67465.2025.11391174","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fllm67465.2025.11391174","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 3rd International Conference on Foundation and Large Language Models (FLLM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5303133130073547}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2884453255","https://openalex.org/W4323037544","https://openalex.org/W4401042745","https://openalex.org/W4410202262","https://openalex.org/W4415261377"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"use":[1],"of":[2,34,53,73],"Large":[3],"Language":[4],"Models":[5],"(LLMs)":[6],"for":[7,121,167,186,204],"automated":[8,171],"software":[9],"test":[10],"case":[11],"generation":[12,101],"offers":[13],"significant":[14],"potential":[15],"to":[16,40],"improve":[17],"development":[18],"efficiency,":[19],"but":[20],"it":[21],"is":[22,180],"often":[23],"hindered":[24],"by":[25],"high":[26,45,112,143],"API":[27],"costs.":[28,69],"This":[29,197],"paper":[30],"investigates":[31],"the":[32,61,137,181,188,206],"effectiveness":[33],"prompt":[35,55,210],"engineering":[36],"as":[37,131],"a":[38,50,74,81,93,132,150,178],"strategy":[39,185,211],"reduce":[41],"costs":[42],"while":[43],"maintaining":[44],"code":[46,139,220],"coverage.":[47],"We":[48,125],"conduct":[49],"comprehensive":[51],"analysis":[52],"four":[54],"strategies":[56,71],"across":[57],"six":[58],"models":[59,105],"from":[60],"Anthropic":[62],"Claude":[63,107,128,154],"family":[64],"with":[65,80,194,201],"varying":[66],"capabilities":[67],"and":[68,77,100,142,209,222],"These":[70],"consist":[72],"basic":[75],"prompt,":[76],"prompts":[78],"enhanced":[79],"docstring,":[82],"an":[83],"Abstract":[84],"Syntax":[85],"Tree":[86],"(AST),":[87],"or":[88],"both.":[89],"Our":[90],"findings":[91],"reveal":[92],"clear":[94],"trade":[95],"off":[96],"between":[97],"cost":[98,104,166],"efficiency":[99],"reliability.":[102,223],"Low":[103],"like":[106],"Haiku":[108,129],"3.5":[109],"can":[110],"achieve":[111],"coverage":[113,140],"(92.3%)":[114],"at":[115,149],"minimal":[116],"expense,":[117],"making":[118],"them":[119],"ideal":[120],"budget":[122],"constrained":[123],"applications.":[124],"also":[126],"identify":[127],"4.5":[130,156],"highly":[133],"balanced":[134],"model,":[135],"achieving":[136],"highest":[138],"(93.0%)":[141],"reliability":[144],"(over":[145],"90%":[146],"success":[147,160,189],"rate)":[148],"moderate":[151],"cost.":[152],"Similarly,":[153],"Sonnet":[155],"deliver":[157],"near":[158],"perfect":[159],"rates":[161],"(98.2%),":[162],"justifying":[163],"their":[164,214],"higher":[165],"mission":[168],"critical,":[169],"fully":[170],"workflows.":[172],"Importantly,":[173],"we":[174],"find":[175],"that":[176],"providing":[177],"docstring":[179],"single":[182],"most":[183,195],"effective":[184],"increasing":[187],"rate":[190],"on":[191,213],"complex":[192],"problems":[193],"models.":[196],"study":[198],"provides":[199],"practitioners":[200],"actionable":[202],"guidelines":[203],"selecting":[205],"optimal":[207],"model":[208],"based":[212],"specific":[215],"project":[216],"constraints,":[217],"balancing":[218],"cost,":[219],"coverage,":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-02-20T00:00:00"}
