{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130596737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fllm67465.2025.11391038","title":"Slow-Drift GPS Spoofing in UAV Swarms Using LSTM-Based Sensor Fusion","display_name":"Slow-Drift GPS Spoofing in UAV Swarms Using LSTM-Based Sensor Fusion","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130596737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fllm67465.2025.11391038"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fllm67465.2025.11391038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fllm67465.2025.11391038","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 3rd International Conference on Foundation and Large Language Models (FLLM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083865852","display_name":"Hosam Alamleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3455-6616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153901656","display_name":"University of North Carolina Wilmington","ror":"https://ror.org/02t0qr014","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hosam Alamleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina Wilmington,Department of Computer Science,Wilmington,NC,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina Wilmington,Department of Computer Science,Wilmington,NC,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013804148","display_name":"AbdElRahman ElSaid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5218-6917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153901656","display_name":"University of North Carolina Wilmington","ror":"https://ror.org/02t0qr014","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelrahman Elsaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina Wilmington,Department of Computer Science,Wilmington,NC,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina Wilmington,Department of Computer Science,Wilmington,NC,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79514785,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1303","last_page":"1308"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.2612000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.2612000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.11050000041723251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.08250000327825546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.7050999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.6883999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6553999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6126999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.487199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4056999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-behaviour","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gyroscope","display_name":"Gyroscope","score":0.34290000796318054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.7050999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.6883999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6851999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6553999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6126999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5340999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.487199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4814999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4056999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3450999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158488048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483400","display_name":"Gyroscope","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102392041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592860","display_name":"Sliding window protocol","level":3,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166212672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165162","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","level":4,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fllm67465.2025.11391038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fllm67465.2025.11391038","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 3rd International Conference on Foundation and Large Language Models (FLLM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2289349594","https://openalex.org/W2996771639","https://openalex.org/W3159578034","https://openalex.org/W4226048085","https://openalex.org/W4297549402","https://openalex.org/W4306763704","https://openalex.org/W4308642527","https://openalex.org/W4382050699","https://openalex.org/W4405737523"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"Aerial":[1],"Vehicles":[2],"(UAVs)":[3],"increasingly":[4],"rely":[5],"on":[6,88],"civilian":[7],"Global":[8],"Positioning":[9],"System":[10],"(GPS)":[11],"signals":[12],"for":[13,139,146],"autonomous":[14],"navigation,":[15],"making":[16],"them":[17],"vulnerable":[18],"to":[19,116],"spoofing":[20,25,140],"attacks.":[21],"Among":[22],"these,":[23],"slow-drift":[24,63],"is":[26],"especially":[27],"dangerous:":[28],"by":[29],"injecting":[30],"small,":[31],"noise-level":[32],"biases":[33],"into":[34],"GPS":[35,72],"measurements,":[36],"an":[37],"adversary":[38],"can":[39],"gradually":[40],"displace":[41],"a":[42,54,59,83,89],"UAV":[43,60],"or":[44],"swarm":[45,61],"without":[46],"triggering":[47],"traditional":[48],"anomaly":[49],"detectors.":[50],"This":[51],"paper":[52],"presents":[53],"simulation":[55,125],"framework":[56],"that":[57],"models":[58],"under":[62],"spoofing,":[64],"incorporating":[65],"realistic":[66],"disturbances":[67],"such":[68,79],"as":[69],"wind":[70],"bias,":[71],"jitter,":[73],"and":[74,100,142,154],"IMU":[75,99],"imperfections.":[76],"To":[77],"detect":[78],"attacks,":[80],"we":[81],"design":[82],"lightweight":[84],"detection":[85,122,141],"system":[86],"based":[87],"bidirectional":[90],"Long":[91],"Short-Term":[92],"Memory":[93],"(LSTM)":[94],"network,":[95],"which":[96],"classifies":[97],"raw":[98],"gyroscope":[101],"sequences":[102],"in":[103,149],"real":[104],"time.":[105],"We":[106],"evaluate":[107],"the":[108,130,133,144],"system\u2019s":[109],"performance":[110],"across":[111],"multiple":[112],"input":[113],"window":[114],"sizes":[115],"understand":[117],"how":[118],"temporal":[119,136],"context":[120],"influences":[121],"accuracy.":[123],"While":[124],"constraints":[126],"limit":[127],"full":[128],"generalization,":[129],"findings":[131],"demonstrate":[132],"feasibility":[134],"of":[135],"deep":[137],"learning":[138],"highlight":[143],"need":[145],"future":[147],"work":[148],"field":[150],"validation,":[151],"swarm-level":[152],"collaboration,":[153],"adversarially":[155],"robust":[156],"defenses.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-20T00:00:00"}