{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407950274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie61694.2024.10893080","title":"Categorical Variable Coding for Machine Learning in Engineering Education","display_name":"Categorical Variable Coding for Machine Learning in Engineering Education","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407950274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie61694.2024.10893080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fie61694.2024.10893080","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie61694.2024.10893080","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101288883","display_name":"Alvin Tran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alvin Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Louisville,Computer Science and Engineering,Louisville,KY,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Louisville,Computer Science and Engineering,Louisville,KY,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003634004","display_name":"Christian Zuniga-Navarrete","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Zuniga-Navarrete","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Louisville,Industrial Engineering,Louisville,KY,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Louisville,Industrial Engineering,Louisville,KY,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043816136","display_name":"Luis Javier Segura","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Javier Segura","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Louisville,Industrial Engineering,Louisville,KY,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Louisville,Industrial Engineering,Louisville,KY,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056333310","display_name":"Arinan Dourado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0793-9577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arinan Dourado","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Louisville,Mechanical Engineering,Louisville,KY,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Louisville,Mechanical Engineering,Louisville,KY,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100457091","display_name":"Xiaomei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8190-5076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Louisville,Industrial Engineering,Louisville,KY,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Louisville,Industrial Engineering,Louisville,KY,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079061627","display_name":"Campbell R. Bego","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8125-3178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Campbell R. Bego","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Louisville,Engineering Fundamentals,Louisville,KY,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Louisville,Engineering Fundamentals,Louisville,KY,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101288883"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3383,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6851238,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11283","display_name":"Experimental Learning in Engineering","score":0.41909998655319214,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11283","display_name":"Experimental Learning in Engineering","score":0.41909998655319214,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13280","display_name":"Biomedical and Engineering Education","score":0.4187000095844269,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.3626999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7238883376121521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.6392884254455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5525953769683838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.5021915435791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46144455671310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4066573977470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3226943910121918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10916760563850403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09620791673660278}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7238883376121521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.6392884254455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5525953769683838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5021915435791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46144455671310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4066573977470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3226943910121918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10916760563850403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09620791673660278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fie61694.2024.10893080","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie61694.2024.10893080","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970881937","https://openalex.org/W1980754674","https://openalex.org/W1993403980","https://openalex.org/W2039132274","https://openalex.org/W2044192815","https://openalex.org/W2136131815","https://openalex.org/W2345267773","https://openalex.org/W2753126711","https://openalex.org/W2778346537","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2996283780","https://openalex.org/W4220865630","https://openalex.org/W4242941170","https://openalex.org/W4392188997","https://openalex.org/W6635802719","https://openalex.org/W6678828678","https://openalex.org/W6719844942","https://openalex.org/W6740723495","https://openalex.org/W6765726137"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386799044","https://openalex.org/W2773208253","https://openalex.org/W2560646951","https://openalex.org/W4297454206","https://openalex.org/W65104662","https://openalex.org/W1871748041","https://openalex.org/W2362286668","https://openalex.org/W2133382151","https://openalex.org/W3121946870","https://openalex.org/W94371014"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work-in-progress":[1],"research":[2,138],"paper":[3],"describes":[4],"a":[5,118,133,145,170],"study":[6],"of":[7,23,58,80,116,160,173],"different":[8,44,62],"categorical":[9,56,119],"data":[10,29],"coding":[11,45,96],"procedures":[12],"for":[13,54],"machine":[14],"learning":[15],"(ML)":[16],"in":[17,28,93,136],"engineering":[18],"education.":[19],"Often":[20],"left":[21],"out":[22],"methodology":[24],"sections,":[25],"preprocessing":[26],"steps":[27],"analysis":[30],"can":[31],"have":[32],"important":[33],"ramifications":[34],"on":[35,176],"project":[36,180],"outcomes.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39],"study,":[40],"we":[41],"applied":[42],"three":[43,61],"schemes":[46],"(i.e.,":[47,65,84],"scalar":[48],"conversion,":[49],"one-hot":[50,111],"encoding,":[51],"and":[52,70,88,186],"binary)":[53],"the":[55,76,95,114,158],"variable":[57,120],"Race":[59],"across":[60],"ML":[63,81,106,161],"models":[64,83],"Neural":[66],"Network,":[67],"Random":[68],"Forest,":[69],"Na\u00efve":[71,146],"Bayes":[72,147],"classifiers)":[73],"looking":[74],"at":[75,157],"four":[77],"standard":[78],"measures":[79],"classification":[82],"accuracy,":[85],"precision,":[86],"recall,":[87],"F1-score).":[89],"Results":[90],"showed":[91],"that":[92,153,182],"general,":[94],"scheme":[97],"did":[98],"not":[99,141],"affect":[100],"predictive":[101],"outcomes":[102],"as":[103,105],"much":[104],"model":[107],"type":[108],"did.":[109],"However,":[110],"encoding":[112],"-":[113,139],"strategy":[115],"transforming":[117],"with":[121,144],"<tex":[122,128],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[123,129],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$k$</tex>":[124,130],"possible":[125],"values":[126],"to":[127],"binary":[131],"nodes,":[132],"common":[134],"practice":[135],"educational":[137],"does":[140],"work":[142,167],"well":[143],"classifier":[148],"model.":[149],"Our":[150],"results":[151],"indicate":[152],"such":[154],"sensitivity":[155,174],"studies":[156,175],"beginning":[159],"modeling":[162],"projects":[163],"are":[164],"necessary.":[165],"Future":[166],"includes":[168],"performing":[169],"full":[171],"range":[172],"our":[177,188],"complete,":[178],"grant-funded":[179],"dataset":[181],"has":[183],"been":[184],"collected,":[185],"publishing":[187],"findings.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}