{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310357341","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie56618.2022.9962602","title":"On Gender Disparity in Engineering Academia","display_name":"On Gender Disparity in Engineering Academia","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310357341","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie56618.2022.9962602"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fie56618.2022.9962602","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie56618.2022.9962602","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607793","display_name":"2022 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030450149","display_name":"Fesal Toosy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4039-7076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192392021","display_name":"University of Central Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/04g0mqe67","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fesal Toosy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Punjab,Faculty of Engineering,Lahore,Pakistan","Faculty of Engineering, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Punjab,Faculty of Engineering,Lahore,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049468294","display_name":"Farah Naz Raza","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192392021","display_name":"University of Central Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/04g0mqe67","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farah Naz Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Punjab,Faculty of Information Technology,Lahore,Pakistan","Faculty of Information Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Punjab,Faculty of Information Technology,Lahore,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192392021","https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087428287","display_name":"Maria Zafar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192392021","display_name":"University of Central Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/04g0mqe67","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Zafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Punjab,Faculty of Information Technology,Lahore,Pakistan","Faculty of Information Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Punjab,Faculty of Information Technology,Lahore,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192392021","https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008053273","display_name":"Ayesha Zaheer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192392021","display_name":"University of Central Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/04g0mqe67","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayesha Zaheer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Punjab,Faculty of Information Technology,Lahore,Pakistan","Faculty of Information Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Punjab,Faculty of Information Technology,Lahore,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192392021","https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052116082","display_name":"Christothea Herodotou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0980-1632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","display_name":"The Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christothea Herodotou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Educational Technology Open University,Milton Keynes,United Kingdom","Institute of Educational Technology Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Educational Technology Open University,Milton Keynes,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Educational Technology Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030450149"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4948,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93006993,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"87","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10726","display_name":"Career Development and Diversity","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.942799985408783,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4991598129272461}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4991598129272461}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fie56618.2022.9962602","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie56618.2022.9962602","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607793","display_name":"2022 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oro.open.ac.uk:86315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401187","display_name":"Open Research Online (The Open University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","host_organization_name":"The Open University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W586969556","https://openalex.org/W1553183615","https://openalex.org/W1859502711","https://openalex.org/W2043061284","https://openalex.org/W2068239724","https://openalex.org/W2072350668","https://openalex.org/W2108193005","https://openalex.org/W2110777095","https://openalex.org/W2115577372","https://openalex.org/W2127629438","https://openalex.org/W2140088292","https://openalex.org/W2144397230","https://openalex.org/W2329342908","https://openalex.org/W2603404432","https://openalex.org/W2615105156","https://openalex.org/W2745756472","https://openalex.org/W2800675829","https://openalex.org/W2914906345","https://openalex.org/W2970754042","https://openalex.org/W3091817959","https://openalex.org/W3134094378","https://openalex.org/W3141959614","https://openalex.org/W4231165370"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W4402327032","https://openalex.org/W2382290278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"Research,":[1],"Full":[2],"Paper":[3],"presents":[4],"a":[5,26,42,117,265,290],"study":[6,201,275,324],"that":[7,16,44,63,74,224,280,285],"sheds":[8],"some":[9],"light":[10],"on":[11],"the":[12,101,138,197,213,222,241,246,278,283,293,310,319,335],"gender":[13,184],"related":[14,146,182],"disparities":[15,65],"women":[17,37,198,223,247,304,327],"face":[18,79,288],"in":[19,38,46,67,80,85,112,186,199,212,259,277,289,307,328,331],"engineering":[20,40,76,103],"academia.":[21],"STEM":[22],"has":[23],"always":[24],"been":[25],"male":[27,96,159],"dominated":[28],"field":[29],"with,":[30],"for":[31],"example,":[32],"less":[33],"than":[34],"ten":[35],"percent":[36],"electrical":[39,102],"jobs,":[41],"figure":[43],"continues":[45],"academia,":[47,68],"but":[48],"dwindles":[49],"when":[50],"it":[51,281],"comes":[52],"to":[53,140,147,154,158,183,230,257,316],"senior":[54],"academic":[55],"positions":[56],"at":[57,264],"universities.":[58],"Though":[59,303],"studies":[60,297],"have":[61,231],"uncovered":[62],"such":[64,296],"exist":[66],"little":[69],"is":[70,276],"known":[71],"about":[72,251],"difficulties":[73],"female":[75,92,192,286],"university":[77,98,305],"teachers":[78,99,306],"low-":[81],"and":[82,94,104,126,156,174,206,228,239,255,268,300,309],"middle-income":[83],"countries":[84],"South":[86],"Asia.":[87],"In":[88],"this":[89,200,274,323,329],"study,":[90],"twenty-five":[91],"(N=25)":[93],"eighteen":[95],"(N=18)":[97],"from":[100,235,240,322],"computer":[105],"science":[106],"departments":[107],"of":[108,130,196,215,245,273,292,334],"three":[109],"different":[110,170],"universities":[111],"Pakistan":[113],"were":[114,144,188,211,220,248],"interviewed,":[115],"using":[116,165],"semi-structured":[118],"interview":[119],"methodology.":[120],"The":[121,243,271],"interviewees":[122],"had":[123,202,207,232],"between":[124],"one":[125],"twenty":[127],"five":[128,195],"years":[129],"teaching":[131,135],"experience,":[132],"holding":[133],"junior":[134],"positions,":[136],"all":[137],"way":[139],"Professor.":[141],"Interview":[142],"questions":[143],"mainly":[145,189],"job":[148],"responsibilities,":[149],"tasks":[150],"assigned,":[151],"authorities":[152],"given":[153],"them":[155],"comparisons":[157],"colleagues.":[160],"Data":[161],"collected":[162],"was":[163],"analyzed":[164],"phenomenological":[166],"research":[167],"techniques,":[168],"with":[169],"meaning":[171],"units":[172],"listed":[173],"then":[175],"clustered":[176],"into":[177],"seven":[178],"common":[179],"themes.":[180],"Challenges":[181],"disparity":[185],"academia":[187],"reported":[190],"by":[191],"participants.":[193],"Only":[194],"persevered":[203],"despite":[204],"challenges":[205],"either":[208],"improved":[209],"or":[210],"process":[214],"improving":[216],"their":[217,236,252,260],"qualification.":[218],"These":[219],"also":[221],"seemed":[225],"more":[226,233,315],"driven":[227],"claimed":[229],"support":[234],"family,":[237],"home":[238],"workplace.":[242],"rest":[244],"somewhat":[249],"uncertain":[250],"professional":[253],"progress":[254],"preferred":[256],"remain":[258],"\u2018comfort":[261],"zone\u2019":[262],"i.e.":[263],"lower":[266],"rank":[267],"lesser":[269],"salary.":[270],"importance":[272],"fact":[279],"highlights":[282],"problems":[284],"academics":[287],"region":[291],"world":[294],"where":[295],"are":[298],"few":[299],"far":[301],"between.":[302],"Asia":[308],"Middle":[311],"East":[312],"could":[313,325],"relate":[314],"these":[317],"problems,":[318],"insights":[320],"gained":[321],"benefit":[326],"profession":[330],"any":[332],"part":[333],"world.":[336]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
