{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3011903586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie43999.2019.9028652","title":"Initial Validation of the Cybersecurity Concept Inventory: Pilot Testing and Expert Review","display_name":"Initial Validation of the Cybersecurity Concept Inventory: Pilot Testing and Expert Review","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3011903586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie43999.2019.9028652","mag":"3011903586"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fie43999.2019.9028652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie43999.2019.9028652","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://mdsoar.org/bitstreams/603ad02a-ddd0-481c-8486-1120e5202110/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018926110","display_name":"Spencer Offenberger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Spencer Offenberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038676484","display_name":"Geoffrey Herman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9501-2295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey L. Herman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085833519","display_name":"Peter A. Pet\u00e9rson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3285-496X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115145","display_name":"University of Minnesota, Duluth","ror":"https://ror.org/01hy4qx27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Peterson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Minnesota Deluth (UMD), Duluth"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Minnesota Deluth (UMD), Duluth","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083555581","display_name":"Alan T. Sherman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1130-4678"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan T Sherman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Cyber Defense Lab, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Cyber Defense Lab, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083022556","display_name":"Enis Golaszewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0814-9956"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enis Golaszewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Cyber Defense Lab, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Cyber Defense Lab, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017101528","display_name":"Travis Scheponik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0821-1123"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Travis Scheponik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Cyber Defense Lab, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Cyber Defense Lab, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006361332","display_name":"Linda Oliva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0056-7819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linda Oliva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Education, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Education, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0579,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85129371,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.6694789528846741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concept-inventory","display_name":"Concept inventory","score":0.6171359419822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6105861067771912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4792737662792206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.45524874329566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23800599575042725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.20490315556526184}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6694789528846741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59785418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5158395","display_name":"Concept inventory","level":2,"score":0.6171359419822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6105861067771912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4792737662792206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.45524874329566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23800599575042725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.20490315556526184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fie43999.2019.9028652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie43999.2019.9028652","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdsoar.org:11603/28126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11603/28126","pdf_url":"https://mdsoar.org/bitstreams/603ad02a-ddd0-481c-8486-1120e5202110/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402556","display_name":"Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.13016/m2q36l-nhfl","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13016/m2q36l-nhfl","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402644","display_name":"Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:mdsoar.org:11603/28126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11603/28126","pdf_url":"https://mdsoar.org/bitstreams/603ad02a-ddd0-481c-8486-1120e5202110/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402556","display_name":"Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1447162159","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H98230-15-1-0294","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5935706842","display_name":"UMBC Cybersecurity Scholarship for Service Program and Innovations in Cybersecurity Education Workshop Series","funder_award_id":"1241576","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6124110521","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H98230-17-1-0349","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8183880615","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H98230-15-1-0273","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8768115459","display_name":"SFS-Capacity: Collaborative: Validation of Concept Assessment Tools for Cybersecurity","funder_award_id":"1820531","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335016","display_name":"Israeli Centers for Research Excellence","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2v9593"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3011903586.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W109963233","https://openalex.org/W325314667","https://openalex.org/W1505584671","https://openalex.org/W1985858077","https://openalex.org/W1993807570","https://openalex.org/W1993868861","https://openalex.org/W2008785686","https://openalex.org/W2017217841","https://openalex.org/W2090624833","https://openalex.org/W2141757261","https://openalex.org/W2151136957","https://openalex.org/W2159306398","https://openalex.org/W2160191010","https://openalex.org/W2267590236","https://openalex.org/W2309134312","https://openalex.org/W2558341833","https://openalex.org/W2626106876","https://openalex.org/W2725958610","https://openalex.org/W2760231817","https://openalex.org/W2884358995","https://openalex.org/W2888828620","https://openalex.org/W2969511963","https://openalex.org/W2982386044","https://openalex.org/W2997471824","https://openalex.org/W6681137698","https://openalex.org/W6738859160","https://openalex.org/W6740248895","https://openalex.org/W6767799105"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655","https://openalex.org/W2359140296"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,77,96,134],"analyze":[1],"expert":[2,140],"review":[3,141],"and":[4,43,65,123,142,146],"student":[5,20,119],"performance":[6],"data":[7],"to":[8,81,101],"evaluate":[9,102],"the":[10,13,31,41,51,63,66,79,93,103,106,112,125,136,139,143,150,154],"validity":[11],"of":[12,22,35,62,105,121,138,153],"Cybersecurity":[14],"Concept":[15],"Inventory":[16],"(CCI)":[17],"for":[18,117,149],"assessing":[19],"knowledge":[21,120],"core":[23],"cybersecurity":[24,39,75,86,122],"concepts":[25],"after":[26],"a":[27,54,84,132],"first":[28,85],"course":[29,87,94],"on":[30],"topic.":[32],"A":[33],"panel":[34,58],"12":[36],"experts":[37],"in":[38],"reviewed":[40,59],"CCI,":[42],"142":[44],"students":[45,82],"from":[46],"six":[47],"different":[48],"institutions":[49],"took":[50],"CCI":[52,64,80,113,126],"as":[53,72,131],"pilot":[55,144],"test.":[56],"The":[57],"each":[60],"item":[61,71],"overwhelming":[67],"majority":[68],"rated":[69],"every":[70],"measuring":[73,118],"appropriate":[74],"knowledge.":[76],"administered":[78],"taking":[83],"either":[88],"online":[89],"or":[90],"proctored":[91],"by":[92],"instructor.":[95],"applied":[97],"classical":[98],"test":[99,145],"theory":[100],"quality":[104],"CCI.":[107,155],"This":[108],"evaluation":[109],"showed":[110],"that":[111,124],"is":[114],"sufficiently":[115],"reliable":[116],"may":[127],"be":[128],"too":[129],"difficult":[130],"whole.":[133],"describe":[135],"results":[137],"provide":[147],"recommendations":[148],"continued":[151],"improvement":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}