{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2773812596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie.2017.8190633","title":"Visual attention based evaluation for multiple-choice tests in e-learning applications","display_name":"Visual attention based evaluation for multiple-choice tests in e-learning applications","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2773812596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie.2017.8190633","mag":"2773812596"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fie.2017.8190633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie.2017.8190633","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100431757","display_name":"Wei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2187-8125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Info. and Comm., Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Info. and Comm., Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023805223","display_name":"Mengling Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6449-7728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengling Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Info. and Comm., Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Info. and Comm., Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064324303","display_name":"Zijian Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijian Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Info. and Comm., Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Info. and Comm., Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101624287","display_name":"Jing Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4443-1980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Info. and Comm., Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Info. and Comm., Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032394700","display_name":"Yuan Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5265-0177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3895,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52395672,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9754999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9369000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.7014796733856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.6678473949432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6430493593215942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixation","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","score":0.6291228532791138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6236542463302612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.583098292350769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-choice","display_name":"Multiple choice","score":0.5311639904975891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5134333372116089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-attention","display_name":"Visual attention","score":0.5045198202133179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5012035369873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4917800724506378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-search","display_name":"Visual search","score":0.42089200019836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.4188789129257202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4118489623069763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3676879405975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3127095401287079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/significant-difference","display_name":"Significant difference","score":0.20883822441101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1103963553905487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10049733519554138}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.7014796733856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.6678473949432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6430493593215942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146249460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","level":3,"score":0.6291228532791138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6236542463302612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.583098292350769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176730311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867668","display_name":"Multiple choice","level":3,"score":0.5311639904975891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5134333372116089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986089797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501338","display_name":"Visual attention","level":3,"score":0.5045198202133179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5012035369873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4917800724506378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158495155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2369151","display_name":"Visual search","level":2,"score":0.42089200019836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4188789129257202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4118489623069763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3676879405975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3127095401287079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018023364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Significant difference","level":2,"score":0.20883822441101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1103963553905487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10049733519554138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fie.2017.8190633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie.2017.8190633","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969028368","https://openalex.org/W1992156582","https://openalex.org/W2003039660","https://openalex.org/W2013112874","https://openalex.org/W2021552241","https://openalex.org/W2072774363","https://openalex.org/W2081541535","https://openalex.org/W2139582748","https://openalex.org/W2141079843","https://openalex.org/W2153076044","https://openalex.org/W2170521467","https://openalex.org/W2570350136","https://openalex.org/W4234377228"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765261366","https://openalex.org/W4311735607","https://openalex.org/W4377007848","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W33281282","https://openalex.org/W2047559669","https://openalex.org/W2998150508","https://openalex.org/W3089421211","https://openalex.org/W2787294799"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multiple-choice":[0],"(MC)":[1],"question":[2,127],"is":[3,73,182,217],"an":[4,102],"important":[5],"form":[6],"of":[7,37,46,82,96,99,107,121,168,192,209,212,227],"test":[8],"to":[9,60,184,222],"assess":[10,185],"the":[11,17,21,30,35,38,43,47,50,53,62,77,92,114,126,131,140,151,155,161,165,169,186,190,196,207,220,224,228],"students'":[12,229],"academic":[13,173,230],"achievement,":[14],"especially":[15],"in":[16,101,171],"e-learning":[18],"applications.":[19],"However,":[20,71],"classical":[22],"evaluation":[23,81],"metrics":[24],"on":[25,76,143,154,195],"MC":[26,69,85,110],"questions":[27],"(such":[28],"as":[29,137,139],"correctness":[31,36],"ratio)":[32],"only":[33],"consider":[34],"final":[39],"selection":[40],"but":[41],"ignore":[42],"solving":[44],"progress":[45,65],"testee.":[48],"In":[49,87,150],"existing":[51],"literature,":[52],"eye-tracking":[54],"based":[55,80],"visual":[56,78],"attention":[57,79],"was":[58],"studied":[59],"infer":[61,223],"testee's":[63],"cognitive":[64],"towards":[66],"a":[67,97],"specific":[68],"question.":[70],"there":[72],"little":[74],"work":[75],"one":[83,124],"complete":[84],"test.":[86],"this":[88,203],"paper,":[89],"we":[90,159],"measure":[91],"eye":[93,166],"movement":[94,167,211],"data":[95],"group":[98],"students":[100],"online":[103],"test,":[104],"which":[105],"consists":[106],"forty":[108],"more":[109],"questions.":[111],"We":[112],"divide":[113],"screen":[115],"area":[116],"into":[117],"five":[118],"AOIs":[119,145],"(area":[120],"interests),":[122],"including":[123],"for":[125,130,219],"and":[128,148,214],"four":[129],"candidate":[132],"options.":[133,198],"The":[134],"fixation":[135],"duration":[136],"well":[138],"gaze":[141,210],"sequence":[142],"these":[144],"are":[146],"recorded":[147],"studied.":[149],"case":[152],"study":[153],"most":[156],"difficult":[157],"question,":[158],"observe":[160],"great":[162],"differences":[163],"among":[164],"testees":[170],"different":[172],"levels.":[174],"A":[175],"new":[176],"metric,":[177],"namely":[178],"Visual-Attention-assisted":[179],"Score":[180],"(VAS),":[181],"proposed":[183],"student's":[187],"performance":[188],"with":[189],"bias":[191],"his":[193],"fixations":[194],"correct":[197],"Experiment":[199],"results":[200],"show":[201],"that,":[202],"metric":[204],"can":[205],"reflect":[206],"difference":[208],"testees,":[213],"thus":[215],"it":[216],"helpful":[218],"teachers":[221],"real":[225],"level":[226],"achievement.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
