{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1965562337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie.2012.6462416","title":"Examining the effect of design education on the design cognition: Measurements from protocol studies","display_name":"Examining the effect of design education on the design cognition: Measurements from protocol studies","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1965562337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie.2012.6462416","mag":"1965562337"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fie.2012.6462416","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie.2012.6462416","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 Frontiers in Education Conference Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074829859","display_name":"Christopher B. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0499-2444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher B. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Engineering Education and Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, USA","Departments of Engineering Education and Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Engineering Education and Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Engineering Education and Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028129738","display_name":"Lawrence Yoon Suk Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6119-4780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoon Suk Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, USA","Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074765188","display_name":"John S. Gero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9026-535X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121373","display_name":"Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science","ror":"https://ror.org/02hwbev49","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138211613","https://openalex.org/I4210121373"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40036882","display_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","ror":"https://ror.org/00f809463","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40036882"]}],"countries":["AT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John S. Gero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study and Volgenau School of Information Technology and Engineering, George Mason University, USA","Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study and Volgenau School of Information Technology and Engineering, George Mason University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study and Volgenau School of Information Technology and Engineering, George Mason University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631","https://openalex.org/I40036882"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study and Volgenau School of Information Technology and Engineering, George Mason University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121373","https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067662073","display_name":"Marie Paretti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2202-6928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marie C. Paretti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Education, Virginia Tech, USA","Department of Engineering Education, Virginia Tech#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Education, Virginia Tech, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Education, Virginia Tech#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074829859"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4422,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6575494,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11079","display_name":"Creativity in Education and Neuroscience","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11729","display_name":"Product Development and Customization","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capstone","display_name":"Capstone","score":0.7205709218978882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.6777546405792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6254144310951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5463914275169373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5287268757820129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5067291855812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.4894315302371979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4571911692619324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-design","display_name":"Research design","score":0.4546937346458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-education","display_name":"Design education","score":0.45063701272010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-education","display_name":"Engineering education","score":0.4505012631416321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol-analysis","display_name":"Protocol analysis","score":0.4366891384124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2573002874851227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-management","display_name":"Engineering management","score":0.23846480250358582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22065111994743347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.20270752906799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.18322697281837463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12535250186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09914502501487732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.09853684902191162}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778293151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5036367","display_name":"Capstone","level":2,"score":0.7205709218978882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.6777546405792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6254144310951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5463914275169373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5287268757820129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5067291855812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4894315302371979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4571911692619324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.4546937346458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144229578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3467934","display_name":"Design education","level":2,"score":0.45063701272010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5041995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853745","display_name":"Engineering education","level":2,"score":0.4505012631416321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133112747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251931","display_name":"Protocol analysis","level":2,"score":0.4366891384124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2573002874851227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.23846480250358582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22065111994743347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.20270752906799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.18322697281837463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12535250186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09914502501487732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.09853684902191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fie.2012.6462416","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie.2012.6462416","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 Frontiers in Education Conference Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W83659694","https://openalex.org/W1963896607","https://openalex.org/W2006091010","https://openalex.org/W2019664880","https://openalex.org/W2053102562","https://openalex.org/W2083331107","https://openalex.org/W2084474944","https://openalex.org/W2137665890","https://openalex.org/W2145328861","https://openalex.org/W2155236943","https://openalex.org/W2165498997","https://openalex.org/W2320626144","https://openalex.org/W2340182025","https://openalex.org/W2619856102","https://openalex.org/W3015205468","https://openalex.org/W6680753811","https://openalex.org/W6738667578"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315489961","https://openalex.org/W4280555391","https://openalex.org/W2605324190","https://openalex.org/W2186916854","https://openalex.org/W2603720410","https://openalex.org/W2734510921","https://openalex.org/W340851932","https://openalex.org/W2528939143","https://openalex.org/W4296656082","https://openalex.org/W2550264393"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,99],"paper":[1,100],"reports":[2],"the":[3,11,53,80,107,113,116,124,136,146],"progress":[4],"of":[5,13,103,106,118,126,132,139,149],"a":[6,27,39,60,68,89,170],"three-year":[7],"longitudinal":[8],"study":[9],"on":[10,16,42],"impact":[12],"design":[14,18,49,66,83,140,165,171],"education":[15,50],"students'":[17,164],"thinking":[19],"and":[20,97,115,122,134,142,161],"practice.":[21],"Students":[22],"from":[23,145],"two":[24,104],"curricula":[25],"at":[26,112,123],"large":[28],"research-intensive":[29],"state":[30],"university":[31],"are":[32,152],"being":[33],"studied.":[34],"The":[35,56,130],"control":[36],"group":[37,58],"is":[38,59,85,167],"major":[40,63],"focused":[41],"engineering":[43,62],"mechanics,":[44],"which":[45,109],"has":[46],"little":[47],"formal":[48],"prior":[51],"to":[52,87,159],"capstone":[54],"experience.":[55],"experimental":[57],"mechanical":[61],"that":[64],"uses":[65],"as":[67],"context":[69],"for":[70,92],"its":[71],"curriculum.":[72],"A":[73],"task-independent":[74],"protocol":[75,147],"analysis":[76,148],"method":[77],"grounded":[78],"in":[79],"Function-Behavior-Structure":[81],"(FBS)":[82],"ontology":[84],"utilized":[86],"provide":[88,156],"common":[90],"basis":[91],"comparing":[93,135],"students":[94,111],"across":[95],"projects":[96],"years.":[98],"presents":[101],"results":[102,131,155],"years":[105],"study,":[108],"included":[110],"beginning":[114],"end":[117,125],"their":[119,127],"sophomore":[120],"year,":[121],"junior":[128],"year.":[129],"analyzing":[133],"percent":[137],"occurrences":[138],"issues":[141],"problem-solution":[143],"index":[144],"both":[150],"cohorts":[151],"presented.":[153],"These":[154],"an":[157],"opportunity":[158],"investigate":[160],"understand":[162],"how":[163],"cognition":[166],"affected":[168],"by":[169],"course.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
