{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400527872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg59268.2024.10582012","title":"Sum of Group Error Differences: A Critical Examination of Bias Evaluation in Biometric Verification and a Dual-Metric Measure","display_name":"Sum of Group Error Differences: A Critical Examination of Bias Evaluation in Biometric Verification and a Dual-Metric Measure","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400527872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg59268.2024.10582012"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg59268.2024.10582012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg59268.2024.10582012","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 18th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095900138","display_name":"Alaa Elobaid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093649","display_name":"Information Technologies Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0069akp70","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134249","display_name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/03bndpq63","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alaa Elobaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technologies Institute,CERTH,Thessaloniki,Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technologies Institute,CERTH,Thessaloniki,Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649","https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016029095","display_name":"Nathan Ramoly","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Ramoly","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDnow, Research CoE,Cesson-S&#x00E9;vign&#x00E9;,France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDnow, Research CoE,Cesson-S&#x00E9;vign&#x00E9;,France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063616869","display_name":"Lara Younes","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lara Younes","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDnow, Research CoE,Cesson-S&#x00E9;vign&#x00E9;,France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDnow, Research CoE,Cesson-S&#x00E9;vign&#x00E9;,France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013616365","display_name":"Symeon Papadopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5441-7341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093649","display_name":"Information Technologies Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0069akp70","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134249","display_name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/03bndpq63","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Symeon Papadopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technologies Institute,CERTH,Thessaloniki,Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technologies Institute,CERTH,Thessaloniki,Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649","https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089247128","display_name":"Eirini Ntoutsi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5729-1003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eirini Ntoutsi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute CODE, Bundeswehr University Munich,Munich,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute CODE, Bundeswehr University Munich,Munich,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084122016","display_name":"Ioannis Kompatsiaris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6447-9020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093649","display_name":"Information Technologies Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0069akp70","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134249","display_name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/03bndpq63","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis Kompatsiaris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technologies Institute,CERTH,Thessaloniki,Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technologies Institute,CERTH,Thessaloniki,Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649","https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.3659999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.3659999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.3357999920845032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3614","display_name":"Radiological and Ultrasound Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.30640000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8289247751235962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.7238669991493225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.7151804566383362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.6276302933692932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5367916822433472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","score":0.461692214012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4169582426548004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.343757688999176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34281104803085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3169671297073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.25705796480178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09218865633010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07331711053848267}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8289247751235962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.7238669991493225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.7151804566383362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.6276302933692932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5367916822433472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781311116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83306","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","level":2,"score":0.461692214012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4169582426548004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.343757688999176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34281104803085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3169671297073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.25705796480178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09218865633010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07331711053848267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg59268.2024.10582012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg59268.2024.10582012","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 18th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G382157565","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"860630","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2316482457","https://openalex.org/W2871667416","https://openalex.org/W2912376035","https://openalex.org/W2913460068","https://openalex.org/W2941039078","https://openalex.org/W2949386440","https://openalex.org/W2963899186","https://openalex.org/W2982232682","https://openalex.org/W2994828068","https://openalex.org/W3006210081","https://openalex.org/W3018301625","https://openalex.org/W3034256900","https://openalex.org/W3046819526","https://openalex.org/W3083589295","https://openalex.org/W3097003645","https://openalex.org/W3103869745","https://openalex.org/W3192864012","https://openalex.org/W3199041638","https://openalex.org/W4226047754","https://openalex.org/W4316924973","https://openalex.org/W4385380841","https://openalex.org/W4385380912","https://openalex.org/W6699342439"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076845124","https://openalex.org/W2183964146","https://openalex.org/W2379932303","https://openalex.org/W3147744369","https://openalex.org/W4241440711","https://openalex.org/W2062586268","https://openalex.org/W2019582947","https://openalex.org/W3212688212","https://openalex.org/W4300873085","https://openalex.org/W4300552992"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Biometric":[0],"Verification":[1],"(BV)":[2],"systems":[3],"often":[4],"exhibit":[5],"accuracy":[6],"disparities":[7],"across":[8],"different":[9],"demographic":[10,54,133,159],"groups,":[11],"leading":[12],"to":[13],"biases":[14,22],"in":[15,37,89,154],"BV":[16,30,38,90],"applications.":[17],"Assessing":[18],"and":[19,63,67,100,140,162],"quantifying":[20],"these":[21],"is":[23,169],"essential":[24],"for":[25,111],"ensuring":[26],"the":[27,61,69,72,82,113,130,147,150],"fairness":[28],"of":[29,71,81,84,115,132,149,157],"systems.":[31],"However,":[32],"existing":[33,138],"bias":[34,52,73,86,108,134,151,160],"evaluation":[35,87,109,152],"metrics":[36,88,139,153],"have":[39],"limitations,":[40],"such":[41],"as":[42],"focusing":[43],"exclusively":[44],"on":[45,53,125],"match":[46],"or":[47],"non-match":[48],"error":[49],"rates,":[50],"overlooking":[51],"groups":[55],"with":[56],"performance":[57,65],"levels":[58],"falling":[59],"between":[60],"best":[62],"worst":[64],"levels,":[66],"neglecting":[68],"magnitude":[70],"present.":[74],"This":[75],"paper":[76],"presents":[77],"an":[78],"in-depth":[79],"analysis":[80],"limitations":[83],"current":[85],"and,":[91],"through":[92],"experimental":[93,123],"analysis,":[94],"demonstrates":[95],"their":[96],"contextual":[97],"suitability,":[98],"merits,":[99],"limitations.":[101],"Additionally,":[102],"it":[103],"introduces":[104],"a":[105,155],"novel":[106],"general-purpose":[107],"measure":[110],"BV,":[112],"\u201cSum":[114],"Group":[116],"Error":[117],"Differences":[118],"<tex":[119],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[120],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$(\\mathbf{SED}_{G})$</tex>\u201d.":[121],"Our":[122,167],"results":[124],"controlled":[126],"synthetic":[127],"datasets":[128],"demonstrate":[129],"effectiveness":[131],"quantification":[135],"when":[136],"using":[137],"our":[141],"own":[142],"proposed":[143],"measure.":[144],"We":[145],"discuss":[146],"applicability":[148],"set":[156],"simulated":[158],"scenarios":[161],"provide":[163],"scenario-based":[164],"metric":[165],"recommendations.":[166],"code":[168],"publicly":[170],"available":[171],"under":[172],"https://github.com/alaaobeid/SEDG.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}