{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3144792660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg57933.2023.10042500","title":"Unified Detection of Digital and Physical Face Attacks","display_name":"Unified Detection of Digital and Physical Face Attacks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3144792660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg57933.2023.10042500","mag":"3144792660"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg57933.2023.10042500","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg57933.2023.10042500","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 17th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047965709","display_name":"Debayan Deb","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Debayan Deb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,East Lansing,MI,48824"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,East Lansing,MI,48824","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409052","display_name":"Xiaoming Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3215-8753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoming Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,East Lansing,MI,48824"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,East Lansing,MI,48824","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100613677","display_name":"Anil K. Jain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6369-6995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anil K. Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,East Lansing,MI,48824"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,East Lansing,MI,48824","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047965709"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8063,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94802514,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9557999968528748,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8104352355003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6768867373466492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.633427083492279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.549688994884491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5269325971603394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5193915963172913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5055787563323975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attack-patterns","display_name":"Attack patterns","score":0.4952293932437897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.4808419644832611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3941296935081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3810063302516937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.25713539123535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09057855606079102}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8104352355003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6768867373466492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.633427083492279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.549688994884491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5269325971603394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5193915963172913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5055787563323975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780741293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4818019","display_name":"Attack patterns","level":3,"score":0.4952293932437897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.4808419644832611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3941296935081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3810063302516937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.25713539123535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09057855606079102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg57933.2023.10042500","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg57933.2023.10042500","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 17th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509966554","https://openalex.org/W1704933117","https://openalex.org/W1770095230","https://openalex.org/W1782590233","https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2003092530","https://openalex.org/W2129622867","https://openalex.org/W2143419558","https://openalex.org/W2163487272","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2301937176","https://openalex.org/W2522438482","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2594656819","https://openalex.org/W2605631833","https://openalex.org/W2640329709","https://openalex.org/W2728977829","https://openalex.org/W2753094203","https://openalex.org/W2772572641","https://openalex.org/W2785945350","https://openalex.org/W2787613668","https://openalex.org/W2895106137","https://openalex.org/W2904573504","https://openalex.org/W2912336782","https://openalex.org/W2939645724","https://openalex.org/W2940483533","https://openalex.org/W2941733693","https://openalex.org/W2951686386","https://openalex.org/W2953335716","https://openalex.org/W2956066883","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2962958939","https://openalex.org/W2963136028","https://openalex.org/W2963207607","https://openalex.org/W2963428752","https://openalex.org/W2963656031","https://openalex.org/W2963684180","https://openalex.org/W2963767194","https://openalex.org/W2963842982","https://openalex.org/W2964003763","https://openalex.org/W2964032613","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2972008652","https://openalex.org/W2979450790","https://openalex.org/W2982058372","https://openalex.org/W2986674980","https://openalex.org/W2998004119","https://openalex.org/W3001997377","https://openalex.org/W3006525265","https://openalex.org/W3009920034","https://openalex.org/W3014899294","https://openalex.org/W3021389849","https://openalex.org/W3034190247","https://openalex.org/W3034196597","https://openalex.org/W3034214108","https://openalex.org/W3034691139","https://openalex.org/W3035063907","https://openalex.org/W3035459165","https://openalex.org/W3040853377","https://openalex.org/W3046357449","https://openalex.org/W3083910051","https://openalex.org/W3087549734","https://openalex.org/W3091059919","https://openalex.org/W3092393585","https://openalex.org/W3098883884","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W3105574212","https://openalex.org/W3107328291","https://openalex.org/W3107942585","https://openalex.org/W3116054336","https://openalex.org/W3119391778","https://openalex.org/W3136675246","https://openalex.org/W3139395821","https://openalex.org/W3158978614","https://openalex.org/W3199885658","https://openalex.org/W3202936672","https://openalex.org/W4205377697","https://openalex.org/W4214851077","https://openalex.org/W4226341954","https://openalex.org/W4280544425","https://openalex.org/W4285345751","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4312605586","https://openalex.org/W4312753047","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6684314024","https://openalex.org/W6739868092","https://openalex.org/W6744476026","https://openalex.org/W6754979576","https://openalex.org/W6764098168","https://openalex.org/W6764542186","https://openalex.org/W6773526402","https://openalex.org/W6777494378","https://openalex.org/W6783292247"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W3176240006","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4288019534","https://openalex.org/W4310988119"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"State-of-the-art":[0],"defense":[1,98],"mechanisms":[2],"against":[3],"face":[4,116],"attacks":[5,43],"achieve":[6],"near":[7],"perfect":[8],"accuracies":[9],"within":[10,141],"one":[11],"of":[12,119,128],"three":[13,33,69],"attack":[14,53,64,89,126,140,153],"categories,":[15],"namely":[16,56],"adversarial,":[17],"digital":[18],"manipulation,":[19],"or":[20],"physical":[21],"spoofs,":[22],"however,":[23],"they":[24],"fail":[25],"to":[26,40,67],"generalize":[27],"well":[28],"when":[29],"tested":[30],"across":[31,131],"all":[32,132],"categories.":[34,70,134],"Poor":[35],"generalization":[36],"can":[37,59,137,149],"be":[38,162],"attributed":[39],"learning":[41,74],"incoherent":[42],"jointly.":[44],"To":[45],"over-come":[46],"this":[47],"shortcoming,":[48],"we":[49],"propose":[50],"a":[51,72,113,145],"unified":[52],"detection":[54],"framework,":[55],"UniFAD,":[57],"that":[58],"automatically":[60],"cluster":[61],"25":[62,129],"coherent":[63,85],"types":[65,90,130],"belonging":[66],"the":[68,152],"Using":[71],"multi-task":[73],"framework":[75],"along":[76],"with":[77,103,155],"k-means":[78],"clustering,":[79],"UniFAD":[80,95,148],"learns":[81],"joint":[82],"representations":[83],"for":[84],"attacks,":[86],"while":[87],"uncorrelated":[88],"are":[91],"learned":[92],"separately.":[93],"Proposed":[94,135],"outperforms":[96],"prevailing":[97],"methods":[99],"and":[100,124,159],"their":[101],"fusion":[102],"an":[104,139],"overall":[105],"TDR":[106],"=":[107],"94.73%":[108],"@":[109],"0.2%":[110],"FDR":[111],"on":[112,144],"large":[114],"fake":[115],"dataset":[117,160],"consisting":[118],"341K":[120],"bona":[121],"fide":[122],"images":[123,127],"448K":[125],"3":[133,142],"method":[136],"detect":[138],"milliseconds":[143],"Nvidia":[146],"2080Ti.":[147],"also":[150],"identify":[151],"categories":[154],"97.37%":[156],"accuracy.":[157],"Code":[158],"will":[161],"publicly":[163],"available.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
