{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210616471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg52635.2021.9667060","title":"FaceQgen: Semi-Supervised Deep Learning for Face Image Quality Assessment","display_name":"FaceQgen: Semi-Supervised Deep Learning for Face Image Quality Assessment","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210616471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg52635.2021.9667060"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg52635.2021.9667060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg52635.2021.9667060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608446","display_name":"2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056531316","display_name":"Javier Hernandez\u2010Ortega","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6974-3900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63634437","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/01cby8j38","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Javier Hernandez-Ortega","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068081385","display_name":"Juli\u00e1n Fi\u00e9rrez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6343-5656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63634437","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/01cby8j38","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Fierrez","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004265472","display_name":"Ignacio Serna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3527-4071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63634437","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/01cby8j38","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ignacio Serna","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083125799","display_name":"Aythami Morales","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7268-4785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63634437","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/01cby8j38","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aythami Morales","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056531316"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5914,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79624857,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12301","display_name":"Facial Nerve Paralysis Treatment and Research","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11322","display_name":"Facial Rejuvenation and Surgery Techniques","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7036208510398865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6830733418464661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminator","display_name":"Discriminator","score":0.6255533695220947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.5852020978927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.5851263999938965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5640987157821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5448688268661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-score","display_name":"Quality Score","score":0.5353778600692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-adversarial-network","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","score":0.49909114837646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.4944777488708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4825698435306549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48088958859443665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-assessment","display_name":"Quality assessment","score":0.4519942104816437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4043666422367096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36313486099243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.32896506786346436}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7036208510398865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6830733418464661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.6255533695220947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.5852020978927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.5851263999938965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5640987157821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5448688268661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779346075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268763","display_name":"Quality Score","level":3,"score":0.5353778600692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988773926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25104379","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","level":3,"score":0.49909114837646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4944777488708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4825698435306549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48088958859443665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020001037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836575","display_name":"Quality assessment","level":3,"score":0.4519942104816437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4043666422367096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36313486099243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.32896506786346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg52635.2021.9667060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg52635.2021.9667060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608446","display_name":"2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G941316964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019-860315","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309702","funder_display_name":"Public Risk Management Association"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309702","display_name":"Public Risk Management Association","ror":"https://ror.org/0583r7t67"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506836750","https://openalex.org/W1565631400","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1991777678","https://openalex.org/W2024804726","https://openalex.org/W2055492845","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2134013617","https://openalex.org/W2163865841","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2536633715","https://openalex.org/W2766522240","https://openalex.org/W2793964976","https://openalex.org/W2949386440","https://openalex.org/W2963839617","https://openalex.org/W2969842256","https://openalex.org/W2989584901","https://openalex.org/W3006276840","https://openalex.org/W3034051063","https://openalex.org/W3034604552","https://openalex.org/W3035739915","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W3103869745","https://openalex.org/W3142692140","https://openalex.org/W3177182897","https://openalex.org/W3199041638","https://openalex.org/W3209877346","https://openalex.org/W4205221484","https://openalex.org/W4286981704","https://openalex.org/W6630559721","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6782350438","https://openalex.org/W6801413382"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3217069185","https://openalex.org/W3049340819","https://openalex.org/W4308928038","https://openalex.org/W4200430540","https://openalex.org/W3141413246","https://openalex.org/W2808862658","https://openalex.org/W4322709305","https://openalex.org/W3002487853","https://openalex.org/W3010213975","https://openalex.org/W2964074194"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"we":[3],"develop":[4],"FaceQgen":[5,42,60,176,189,270],"<sup":[6,9],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[7,10],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">1</sup>":[8,11],"Publicly":[12],"available":[13],"in:":[14],"https://github.com/uam-biometrics/FaceQgen,":[15],"a":[16,26,32,65,74,158,230],"No-Reference":[17],"Quality":[18],"Assessment":[19],"approach":[20],"for":[21,49,166,169,220,265],"face":[22,39,66,152,196,203],"images":[23,103],"based":[24,228],"on":[25,229],"Generative":[27],"Adversarial":[28],"Network":[29],"that":[30,144],"generates":[31],"scalar":[33],"quality":[34,47,77,86,102,115,146,162,197,221,233,263],"measure":[35],"related":[36],"with":[37,160,247],"the":[38,57,91,94,97,118,121,124,132,136,139,178,181,193,214,238,245,251,254],"recognition":[40,153,204],"accuracy.":[41,154],"does":[43,190],"not":[44,191,261],"require":[45],"labelled":[46],"measures":[48,147],"training.":[50],"It":[51],"is":[52,88],"trained":[53],"from":[54],"scratch":[55],"using":[56],"SCface":[58],"database.":[59],"applies":[61],"image":[62,67,234],"restoration":[63],"to":[64,108,174,212,240],"of":[68,135,138,151,180,202,216,250,260],"unknown":[69],"quality,":[70],"transforming":[71],"it":[72,207],"into":[73],"canonical":[75],"high":[76,232],"image,":[78],"i.e.,":[79],"frontal":[80],"pose,":[81],"homogeneous":[82],"background,":[83],"etc.":[84],"The":[85,141],"estimation":[87,222],"built":[89],"as":[90],"similarity":[92],"between":[93,120],"original":[95,122],"and":[96,123,130,168,253,272],"restored":[98,125],"images,":[99,126,171],"since":[100],"low":[101],"experience":[104],"bigger":[105],"changes":[106],"due":[107],"restoration.":[109],"We":[110],"compare":[111],"three":[112],"different":[113],"numerical":[114],"measures:":[116],"a)":[117],"MSE":[119],"b)":[127],"their":[128],"SSIM,":[129],"c)":[131],"output":[133],"score":[134],"Discriminator":[137],"GAN.":[140],"results":[142,211],"demonstrate":[143,213],"FaceQgen's":[145],"are":[148],"good":[149,209],"estimators":[150],"Our":[155],"experiments":[156],"include":[157],"comparison":[159,184],"other":[161],"assessment":[163,198],"methods":[164,199,259],"designed":[165],"faces":[167],"general":[170],"in":[172,177,200,244],"order":[173],"position":[175],"state":[179],"art.":[182],"This":[183,268],"shows":[185],"that,":[186],"even":[187],"though":[188],"surpass":[192],"best":[194],"existing":[195],"terms":[201],"accuracy":[205],"prediction,":[206],"achieves":[208],"enough":[210],"potential":[215],"semi-supervised":[217],"learning":[218,227],"approaches":[219],"(in":[223],"particular,":[224],"data":[225,276],"-driven":[226],"single":[231],"per":[235],"subject),":[236],"having":[237],"capacity":[239],"improve":[241],"its":[242,266],"performance":[243],"future":[246],"adequate":[248],"refinement":[249],"model":[252],"significant":[255],"advantage":[256],"over":[257],"competing":[258],"needing":[262],"labels":[264],"development.":[267],"makes":[269],"flexible":[271],"scalable":[273],"without":[274],"expensive":[275],"curation.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-05T09:29:38.588285","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}