{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210615712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg52635.2021.9667027","title":"Dynamic Cross-Feature Fusion for American Sign Language Translation","display_name":"Dynamic Cross-Feature Fusion for American Sign Language Translation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210615712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg52635.2021.9667027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg52635.2021.9667027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg52635.2021.9667027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608446","display_name":"2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062071989","display_name":"Tejaswini Ananthanarayana","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tejaswini Ananthanarayana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034227804","display_name":"Nikunj Kotecha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikunj Kotecha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002882763","display_name":"Priyanshu Srivastava","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priyanshu Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042864271","display_name":"Lipisha Chaudhary","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lipisha Chaudhary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079098493","display_name":"Nicholas Wilkins","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Wilkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sign-Speak, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sign-Speak, NY, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022590472","display_name":"Ifeoma Nwogu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1414-6433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ifeoma Nwogu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062071989"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2713,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78509317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8706634640693665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-sign-language","display_name":"American Sign Language","score":0.7027442455291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6323646306991577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.628490686416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-language","display_name":"Sign language","score":0.5989336371421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5756972432136536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase","display_name":"Phrase","score":0.5350163578987122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5214607119560242}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8706634640693665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776737515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14759","display_name":"American Sign Language","level":3,"score":0.7027442455291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6323646306991577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.628490686416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522192633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228","display_name":"Sign language","level":2,"score":0.5989336371421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5756972432136536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776224158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931","display_name":"Phrase","level":2,"score":0.5350163578987122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5214607119560242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg52635.2021.9667027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg52635.2021.9667027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608446","display_name":"2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G998836793","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1846076","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1753482797","https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W2096621047","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2109606373","https://openalex.org/W2127141656","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2139501017","https://openalex.org/W2149071186","https://openalex.org/W2156303437","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2243738093","https://openalex.org/W2463640844","https://openalex.org/W2525778437","https://openalex.org/W2556388456","https://openalex.org/W2557264465","https://openalex.org/W2559085405","https://openalex.org/W2739107216","https://openalex.org/W2759302818","https://openalex.org/W2766868096","https://openalex.org/W2770128248","https://openalex.org/W2788495578","https://openalex.org/W2799020610","https://openalex.org/W2807840688","https://openalex.org/W2883409523","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2896487916","https://openalex.org/W2899768692","https://openalex.org/W2914587137","https://openalex.org/W2928103169","https://openalex.org/W2941870244","https://openalex.org/W2949178656","https://openalex.org/W2958345746","https://openalex.org/W2963351113","https://openalex.org/W2963576560","https://openalex.org/W2964051877","https://openalex.org/W2964110616","https://openalex.org/W2966715458","https://openalex.org/W2981851019","https://openalex.org/W3014443981","https://openalex.org/W3034765865","https://openalex.org/W3093061880","https://openalex.org/W3098682680","https://openalex.org/W3106076771","https://openalex.org/W3126451397","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6637698695","https://openalex.org/W6679434410","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6682864246","https://openalex.org/W6727690538","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6753277404","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6758859460","https://openalex.org/W6761282903","https://openalex.org/W6763170755","https://openalex.org/W6775457575","https://openalex.org/W6898505805"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384400852","https://openalex.org/W2089405242","https://openalex.org/W2963259630","https://openalex.org/W2070920720","https://openalex.org/W2004685257","https://openalex.org/W2954293526","https://openalex.org/W1977288663","https://openalex.org/W2398549619","https://openalex.org/W1542743110","https://openalex.org/W2115068291"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"a":[1,90,125,192],"significant":[2,183],"amount":[3],"of":[4,101,104,140,165],"work":[5,52,66,190],"has":[6,22],"been":[7,23,48],"done":[8,24],"on":[9,54],"the":[10,55,99,137,156,161,175,198],"commonly":[11],"used,":[12],"tightly":[13],"-constrained":[14],"weather-based,":[15],"German":[16],"sign":[17,27,37],"language":[18,28,38],"(GSL)":[19],"dataset,":[20,57],"little":[21],"for":[25,132,202],"continuous":[26],"translation":[29,205],"(SLT)":[30],"in":[31,69,79,85,116,182,195,206],"more":[32,70,76],"realistic":[33,71,92],"settings,":[34],"including":[35],"American":[36,121],"(ASL)":[39],"translation.":[40,134],"Also,":[41],"while":[42],"CNN":[43],"-":[44],"based":[45],"features":[46,64,106],"have":[47],"consistently":[49,160],"shown":[50],"to":[51,119,179],"well":[53,68],"GSL":[56,177],"it":[58,118],"is":[59],"not":[60],"clear":[61],"whether":[62],"such":[63],"will":[65],"as":[67],"settings":[72],"when":[73],"there":[74],"are":[75,159],"heterogeneous":[77],"signers":[78],"non-uniform":[80],"backgrounds.":[81],"To":[82],"this":[83,86,189],"end,":[84],"work,":[87],"we":[88,171],"introduce":[89],"new,":[91],"phrase-level":[93],"ASL":[94,133,204],"dataset":[95,178],"(ASLing),":[96],"and":[97,112,153],"explore":[98],"role":[100],"different":[102],"types":[103],"visual":[105,128],"(CNN":[107],"embeddings,":[108],"human":[109],"body":[110,157],"keypoints,":[111],"optical":[113],"flow":[114],"vectors)":[115],"translating":[117],"spoken":[120],"English.":[122],"We":[123,135],"propose":[124],"novel":[126],"Transformer-based,":[127],"feature":[129],"learning":[130,143],"method":[131],"demonstrate":[136],"explainability":[138],"efficacy":[139],"our":[141,169],"proposed":[142],"methods":[144],"by":[145],"visualizing":[146],"activation":[147],"weights":[148],"under":[149],"various":[150],"input":[151,166],"conditions":[152],"discover":[154],"that":[155],"keypoints":[158],"most":[162],"reliable":[163],"set":[164],"features.":[167],"Using":[168],"model,":[170],"successfully":[172],"transfer-learn":[173],"from":[174],"larger":[176],"ASLing,":[180],"resulting":[181],"BLEU":[184],"score":[185],"improvements.":[186],"In":[187],"summary,":[188],"goes":[191],"long":[193],"way":[194],"bringing":[196],"together":[197],"AI":[199],"resources":[200],"required":[201],"automated":[203],"unconstrained":[207],"environments.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}