{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210249420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg52635.2021.9666995","title":"Facial Action Unit Recognition Using Pseudo-Intensities and their Transformation","display_name":"Facial Action Unit Recognition Using Pseudo-Intensities and their Transformation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210249420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg52635.2021.9666995"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg52635.2021.9666995","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg52635.2021.9666995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608446","display_name":"2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102999032","display_name":"Junya Saito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7472-9601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252096349","display_name":"Fujitsu (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/038e2g226","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junya Saito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Converging Technologies Laboratories, Fujitsu Research, Fujitsu Limited, Kanagawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Converging Technologies Laboratories, Fujitsu Research, Fujitsu Limited, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033199453","display_name":"Takahisa Yamamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9929-2805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252096349","display_name":"Fujitsu (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/038e2g226","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takahisa Yamamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Converging Technologies Laboratories, Fujitsu Research, Fujitsu Limited, Kanagawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Converging Technologies Laboratories, Fujitsu Research, Fujitsu Limited, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110584194","display_name":"Akiyoshi Uchida","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252096349","display_name":"Fujitsu (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/038e2g226","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akiyoshi Uchida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Converging Technologies Laboratories, Fujitsu Research, Fujitsu Limited, Kanagawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Converging Technologies Laboratories, Fujitsu Research, Fujitsu Limited, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048562652","display_name":"Xiaoyu Mi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252096349","display_name":"Fujitsu (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/038e2g226","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Mi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Converging Technologies Laboratories, Fujitsu Research, Fujitsu Limited, Kanagawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Converging Technologies Laboratories, Fujitsu Research, Fujitsu Limited, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049472111","display_name":"Kentaro Murase","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252096349","display_name":"Fujitsu (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/038e2g226","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kentaro Murase","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Converging Technologies Laboratories, Fujitsu Research, Fujitsu Limited, Kanagawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Converging Technologies Laboratories, Fujitsu Research, Fujitsu Limited, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":null,"first_page":"01","last_page":"08"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12301","display_name":"Facial Nerve Paralysis Treatment and Research","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.67792809009552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.6402950286865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.5981040596961975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.573803186416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5183890461921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-muscles","display_name":"Facial muscles","score":0.5138190388679504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.4965839982032776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46148815751075745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4592592120170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3451557159423828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1369759738445282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.12240001559257507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1133446991443634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.09119048714637756}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.67792809009552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.6402950286865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.5981040596961975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.573803186416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5183890461921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780905192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2341604","display_name":"Facial muscles","level":2,"score":0.5138190388679504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4965839982032776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46148815751075745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4592592120170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3451557159423828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1369759738445282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.12240001559257507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1133446991443634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.09119048714637756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg52635.2021.9666995","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg52635.2021.9666995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608446","display_name":"2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1628791547","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2018727909","https://openalex.org/W2045472600","https://openalex.org/W2047967129","https://openalex.org/W2051297709","https://openalex.org/W2062260304","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2171590421","https://openalex.org/W2395639500","https://openalex.org/W2470957930","https://openalex.org/W2588367409","https://openalex.org/W2612215259","https://openalex.org/W2724935142","https://openalex.org/W2724983119","https://openalex.org/W2767388699","https://openalex.org/W2786028856","https://openalex.org/W2796214461","https://openalex.org/W2953843303","https://openalex.org/W2957293233","https://openalex.org/W2963713173","https://openalex.org/W2963875208","https://openalex.org/W2969059826","https://openalex.org/W2996882407","https://openalex.org/W3018972277","https://openalex.org/W3035542935","https://openalex.org/W3126505626","https://openalex.org/W3127681478","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6720216826","https://openalex.org/W6765831200","https://openalex.org/W6775911408"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016890297","https://openalex.org/W2151042192","https://openalex.org/W2384651879","https://openalex.org/W2318316519","https://openalex.org/W33985024","https://openalex.org/W4391878844","https://openalex.org/W2766918803","https://openalex.org/W1556399758","https://openalex.org/W2108952035","https://openalex.org/W1974507605"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"action":[1],"units":[2],"(AUs)":[3],"represent":[4],"facial":[5,65,130,159],"muscular":[6,66],"activities,":[7],"and":[8,30,108,124,157,205,232],"our":[9,208],"emotions":[10],"can":[11],"be":[12],"expressed":[13],"through":[14,40],"their":[15,45,109],"combinations.":[16],"Thus,":[17],"AU":[18],"recognition":[19,85],"is":[20],"often":[21],"used":[22],"in":[23,129,217],"many":[24],"different":[25],"applications,":[26],"including":[27],"marketing,":[28],"healthcare,":[29],"education.":[31],"Numerous":[32],"studies":[33],"have":[34],"been":[35],"conducted":[36],"on":[37,140,180,229,234],"recognizing":[38],"AUs":[39,91],"several":[41],"network":[42,155],"architectures;":[43],"however,":[44],"performances":[46],"remain":[47],"unsatisfactory.":[48],"One":[49],"of":[50,57,68,75,81,90,120,147,162,184],"the":[51,55,73,84,88,118,127,141,144,148,158,163,168,176,181,185,218],"difficulties":[52],"comes":[53],"from":[54,94],"lack":[56,80],"information":[58,82],"regarding":[59,132],"a":[60,76,95,103,121,153,212],"neutral":[61,77,96,122,194],"state":[62,123],"(i.e.,":[63],"no":[64],"activities)":[67],"each":[69],"person":[70,165],"owing":[71],"to":[72,112,166,191,193],"individuality":[74,119],"state.":[78,97],"This":[79],"degrades":[83],"performance":[86],"because":[87],"intensities":[89,178],"are":[92,172,189],"derived":[93],"In":[98],"this":[99,114],"paper,":[100],"we":[101,134],"propose":[102],"novel":[104],"method":[105],"using":[106,201],"Pseudo-INtensities":[107],"Transformation":[110],"(PINT)":[111],"tackle":[113],"problem.":[115],"To":[116],"exclude":[117],"accurately":[125],"capture":[126],"changes":[128],"appearance":[131],"AUs,":[133],"first":[135],"calculate":[136,167],"pseudo-intensities":[137,171,183],"based":[138,179],"only":[139],"differences":[142],"among":[143],"intensity":[145],"states":[146],"same":[149,164,186],"person.":[150],"We":[151,196],"utilize":[152],"siamese":[154],"architecture":[156],"image":[160],"pairs":[161],"pseudo-intensities.":[169],"These":[170],"then":[173],"transformed":[174],"into":[175],"actual":[177],"low":[182],"person,":[187],"which":[188],"considered":[190],"correspond":[192],"states.":[195],"carried":[197],"out":[198],"evaluation":[199],"experiments":[200],"two":[202],"public":[203],"datasets":[204],"found":[206],"that":[207],"method,":[209],"PINT,":[210],"achieved":[211],"state-of-art":[213],"performance.":[214],"The":[215],"improvements":[216],"average":[219],"intra-class":[220],"correlation":[221],"coefficient":[222],"score":[223],"over":[224],"existing":[225],"methods":[226],"were":[227],"7.1%":[228],"DISFA":[230],"dataset":[231],"3.1%":[233],"FERA2017":[235],"dataset.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
