{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210814853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg52635.2021.9666978","title":"AULA-Caps: Lifecycle-Aware Capsule Networks for Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Facial Actions","display_name":"AULA-Caps: Lifecycle-Aware Capsule Networks for Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Facial Actions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210814853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg52635.2021.9666978"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg52635.2021.9666978","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg52635.2021.9666978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608446","display_name":"2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FG52635.2021.9666978","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023882548","display_name":"Nikhil Churamani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5926-0091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nikhil Churamani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032424779","display_name":"Sinan Kalkan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0915-5917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sinan Kalkan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060090893","display_name":"Hatice G\u00fcne\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2407-3012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hatice Gunes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023882548"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2627,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6628956,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"01","last_page":"08"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8005295991897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snapshot","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","score":0.6443588733673096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5660611391067505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5472702980041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.5289366841316223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.5068452954292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4486992061138153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.42871755361557007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3819189965724945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8005295991897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55282118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252683","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","level":2,"score":0.6443588733673096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5660611391067505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5472702980041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.5289366841316223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5068452954292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4486992061138153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.42871755361557007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3819189965724945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg52635.2021.9666978","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg52635.2021.9666978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608446","display_name":"2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/330668","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/330668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Object"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:6530230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FG52635.2021.9666978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},{"id":"doi:10.17863/cam.78113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.78113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050737","display_name":"Apollo","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:6530230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FG52635.2021.9666978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3688903959","display_name":"DTP 2018-19 University of Cambridge","funder_award_id":"EP/R513180/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7830922211","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R030782/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1045349118","https://openalex.org/W1940404584","https://openalex.org/W1965947362","https://openalex.org/W2051297709","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2105410756","https://openalex.org/W2107114452","https://openalex.org/W2129106196","https://openalex.org/W2140351517","https://openalex.org/W2162481513","https://openalex.org/W2173219554","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2421475762","https://openalex.org/W2516520571","https://openalex.org/W2612215259","https://openalex.org/W2734289922","https://openalex.org/W2737559518","https://openalex.org/W2784208377","https://openalex.org/W2787552263","https://openalex.org/W2789992948","https://openalex.org/W2888200171","https://openalex.org/W2890357177","https://openalex.org/W2903991757","https://openalex.org/W2941051386","https://openalex.org/W2957289502","https://openalex.org/W2959639774","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2963703618","https://openalex.org/W2963875208","https://openalex.org/W2995659499","https://openalex.org/W3011722050","https://openalex.org/W3101614002","https://openalex.org/W3102025332","https://openalex.org/W3127525340","https://openalex.org/W3128652535","https://openalex.org/W3137215626","https://openalex.org/W4238319993","https://openalex.org/W4287906843","https://openalex.org/W4295238618","https://openalex.org/W4320813998","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6726066475","https://openalex.org/W6741404995","https://openalex.org/W6743446608","https://openalex.org/W6751741970","https://openalex.org/W6761412496","https://openalex.org/W6767248091","https://openalex.org/W6770507885","https://openalex.org/W6790291653","https://openalex.org/W6840709385"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2542847180","https://openalex.org/W3034994054","https://openalex.org/W2805712290","https://openalex.org/W2155226960","https://openalex.org/W2909129499","https://openalex.org/W2392087771","https://openalex.org/W2761598930","https://openalex.org/W2553994394","https://openalex.org/W2356600124","https://openalex.org/W1565952126"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"state-of-the-art":[1,158],"approaches":[2],"for":[3,74,160],"Facial":[4],"Action":[5,68],"Unit":[6,69],"(AU)":[7],"detection":[8,36,76],"rely":[9],"on":[10,51,112,134,149],"evaluating":[11],"static":[12],"frames,":[13],"encoding":[14,57],"a":[15],"snapshot":[16],"of":[17,61,90],"heightened":[18],"facial":[19,25,62],"activity.":[20],"In":[21,46],"real-world":[22],"interactions,":[23],"however,":[24],"expressions":[26],"are":[27,123],"more":[28],"subtle":[29],"and":[30,54,80,154],"evolve":[31],"over":[32],"time":[33],"requiring":[34],"AU":[35,63,75,98,142],"models":[37],"to":[38,96,131],"learn":[39,92],"spatial":[40,53,93,135],"as":[41,43],"well":[42],"temporal":[44,59,105],"information.":[45],"this":[47],"work,":[48],"we":[49],"focus":[50,133],"both":[52,78],"spatio-temporal":[55,114,137],"features":[56],"the":[58,67,85,87,101,117,128,141],"evolution":[60],"activation.":[64],"We":[65],"propose":[66],"Lifecycle-Aware":[70],"Capsule":[71],"Network":[72],"(AULA-Caps)":[73],"using":[77],"frame":[79],"sequence-level":[81],"features.":[82],"While,":[83],"at":[84,100],"frame-level,":[86],"capsule":[88],"layers":[89],"AULA-Caps":[91],"feature":[94,121],"primitives":[95],"determine":[97],"activations,":[99],"sequence-level,":[102],"it":[103],"learns":[104,130],"dependencies":[106],"between":[107],"contiguous":[108],"frames":[109],"by":[110],"focusing":[111],"relevant":[113],"segments":[115],"in":[116],"sequence.":[118],"The":[119,144],"learnt":[120],"capsules":[122],"routed":[124],"together":[125],"such":[126],"that":[127],"model":[129,146],"selectively":[132],"or":[136],"information":[138],"depending":[139],"upon":[140],"lifecycle.":[143],"proposed":[145],"is":[147],"evaluated":[148],"popular":[150],"benchmarks,":[151],"namely":[152],"BP4D":[153],"GFT":[155],"datasets,":[156],"obtaining":[157],"results":[159],"both.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2022-02-08T00:00:00"}