{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1530965581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2015.7163119","title":"Age estimation via unsupervised neural networks","display_name":"Age estimation via unsupervised neural networks","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1530965581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2015.7163119","mag":"1530965581"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2015.7163119","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2015.7163119","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 11th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100424268","display_name":"Xiaolong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9381-5350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, DE, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076482730","display_name":"Chandra Kambhamettu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5306-3994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandra Kambhamettu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, DE, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100424268"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2091,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91579847,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7799593806266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7287551164627075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7283003330230713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7282990217208862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6400669813156128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6109037399291992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5652968883514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.5350761413574219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5059046149253845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4833390414714813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.48222100734710693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4649817645549774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4448170065879822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.44289839267730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10901975631713867}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7799593806266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7287551164627075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7283003330230713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7282990217208862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6400669813156128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6109037399291992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5652968883514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.5350761413574219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5059046149253845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4833390414714813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.48222100734710693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4649817645549774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4448170065879822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44289839267730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10901975631713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2015.7163119","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2015.7163119","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 11th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W78356000","https://openalex.org/W1167806532","https://openalex.org/W1562327244","https://openalex.org/W1947960103","https://openalex.org/W1971844566","https://openalex.org/W1972960842","https://openalex.org/W1974763379","https://openalex.org/W2001242835","https://openalex.org/W2008731904","https://openalex.org/W2009088607","https://openalex.org/W2044730627","https://openalex.org/W2075875861","https://openalex.org/W2078046525","https://openalex.org/W2096061497","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2103077782","https://openalex.org/W2104294146","https://openalex.org/W2105026179","https://openalex.org/W2106488920","https://openalex.org/W2109943925","https://openalex.org/W2109992539","https://openalex.org/W2112496463","https://openalex.org/W2118664399","https://openalex.org/W2118755929","https://openalex.org/W2118858186","https://openalex.org/W2132852291","https://openalex.org/W2134113392","https://openalex.org/W2134557905","https://openalex.org/W2143055991","https://openalex.org/W2144161366","https://openalex.org/W2146656095","https://openalex.org/W2147278565","https://openalex.org/W2151386286","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2164715565","https://openalex.org/W2546302380","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3148981562","https://openalex.org/W6603161775","https://openalex.org/W6627801759","https://openalex.org/W6633786245","https://openalex.org/W6670000642","https://openalex.org/W6675602974","https://openalex.org/W6676766825","https://openalex.org/W6677919164","https://openalex.org/W6678300183","https://openalex.org/W6679777679","https://openalex.org/W6682090056","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6787972765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2965546495","https://openalex.org/W2153315159","https://openalex.org/W3103844505","https://openalex.org/W4205463238","https://openalex.org/W259157601","https://openalex.org/W2761785940","https://openalex.org/W2110523656","https://openalex.org/W1482209366","https://openalex.org/W2521627374","https://openalex.org/W2981954115"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,36,88,95],"work,":[2],"we":[3,93],"investigate":[4],"an":[5,60,101],"unsupervised":[6,102],"neural":[7,47,52,103],"network":[8,48,104],"framework":[9,29],"for":[10],"the":[11,32,42,68,72,75,97,109,115,135],"problem":[12],"of":[13],"facial":[14],"image":[15],"age":[16,22,110],"estimation.":[17],"Unlike":[18],"previous":[19],"approaches":[20],"in":[21,35,67],"estimation":[23,111],"where":[24,100],"a":[25,130],"predefined":[26],"feature":[27],"extraction":[28],"is":[30,65,96,129],"used,":[31],"features":[33,58,73],"used":[34,55,121],"work":[37,99],"are":[38,54,85],"directly":[39],"learned":[40],"from":[41,59],"data.":[43],"A":[44],"single-layer":[45],"convolutional":[46,51],"and":[49,82],"recursive":[50],"networks":[53],"to":[56,108,134],"extract":[57],"image.":[61],"Manifold":[62],"learning":[63],"scheme":[64,117],"incorporated":[66],"framework,":[69],"which":[70],"maps":[71],"into":[74],"discriminative":[76],"subspace.":[77],"Furthermore,":[78],"several":[79],"popular":[80],"regression":[81],"classification":[83],"methods":[84],"evaluated":[86],"using":[87],"scheme.":[89],"As":[90],"far":[91],"as":[92],"know,":[94],"first":[98],"has":[105],"been":[106],"introduced":[107],"problem.":[112],"We":[113],"evaluate":[114],"proposed":[116],"on":[118],"two":[119],"widely":[120],"datasets.":[122],"The":[123],"experimental":[124],"results":[125],"show":[126],"that":[127],"there":[128],"significant":[131],"improvement":[132],"compared":[133],"state-of-the-art.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
