{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1559548325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2015.7163107","title":"Three dimensional binary edge feature representation for pain expression analysis","display_name":"Three dimensional binary edge feature representation for pain expression analysis","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1559548325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2015.7163107","mag":"1559548325","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32656293"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2015.7163107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2015.7163107","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 11th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7350151","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100625604","display_name":"Xing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2447-1408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Binghamton University-SUNY","Binghamton University [SUNY]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton University-SUNY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton University [SUNY]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104114056","display_name":"Lijun Yin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lijun Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Binghamton University-SUNY","Binghamton University [SUNY]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton University-SUNY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton University [SUNY]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000246394","display_name":"Jeffrey F. Cohn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9393-1116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey F. Cohn","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100625604"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9511,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85931974,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9631999731063843,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6966812610626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.690718412399292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.6700594425201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6623043417930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.6374862194061279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6326080560684204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5337057709693909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.532448410987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.4713040292263031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.43819111585617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.41605550050735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression-recognition","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","score":0.41321420669555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3619605302810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.2993917763233185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.10136744379997253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.08055764436721802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07055965065956116}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6966812610626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.690718412399292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.6700594425201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6623043417930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.6374862194061279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6326080560684204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5337057709693909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.532448410987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4713040292263031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.43819111585617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.41605550050735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987714656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","level":4,"score":0.41321420669555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3619605302810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.2993917763233185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.10136744379997253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.08055764436721802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07055965065956116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2015.7163107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2015.7163107","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 11th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:32656293","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32656293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition and Workshops","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7350151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7350151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Int Conf Autom Face Gesture Recognit Workshops","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7350151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7350151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Int Conf Autom Face Gesture Recognit Workshops","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590074498","https://openalex.org/W2018727909","https://openalex.org/W2062024333","https://openalex.org/W2076617402","https://openalex.org/W2104067190","https://openalex.org/W2104955141","https://openalex.org/W2106043670","https://openalex.org/W2117497855","https://openalex.org/W2136063698","https://openalex.org/W2139916508","https://openalex.org/W2143829622","https://openalex.org/W2146994234","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2148071321","https://openalex.org/W2163546575","https://openalex.org/W2611267947","https://openalex.org/W6635236956","https://openalex.org/W6675785006","https://openalex.org/W6679975153","https://openalex.org/W6682082992"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1589677080","https://openalex.org/W2770255720","https://openalex.org/W1509533962","https://openalex.org/W4205986151","https://openalex.org/W2355913164","https://openalex.org/W2162992774","https://openalex.org/W1153638794","https://openalex.org/W2168968280","https://openalex.org/W2129936833","https://openalex.org/W2116055069"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"pain":[1,9,18,85,94,104],"expression":[2,86,109],"recognition":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,74],"challenging":[6],"task":[7],"for":[8],"assessment":[10],"and":[11,30,40,98],"diagnosis.":[12],"Conventional":[13],"2D-based":[14],"approaches":[15],"to":[16,22,25,61],"automatic":[17],"detection":[19,87,105],"lack":[20],"robustness":[21],"the":[23,81,93,100],"moderate":[24],"large":[26],"head":[27],"pose":[28],"variation":[29],"changes":[31],"in":[32,37],"illumination":[33],"that":[34,90],"are":[35],"common":[36],"real-world":[38],"settings":[39],"with":[41,80],"few":[42],"exceptions":[43],"omit":[44],"potentially":[45],"informative":[46],"temporal":[47,70],"information.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"paper,":[51],"we":[52,72],"propose":[53],"an":[54],"innovative":[55],"3D":[56,64,107],"binary":[57],"edge":[58],"feature":[59],"(3D-BE)":[60],"represent":[62],"high-resolution":[63],"dynamic":[65],"facial":[66,95,108],"expression.":[67],"To":[68],"exploit":[69],"information,":[71],"apply":[73],"latent-dynamic":[75],"conditional":[76],"random":[77],"field":[78],"approach":[79],"3D-BE.":[82],"The":[83],"resulting":[84],"system":[88],"proves":[89],"3D-BE":[91],"represents":[92],"features":[96],"well,":[97],"illustrates":[99],"potential":[101],"of":[102],"noncontact":[103],"from":[106],"data.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}