{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2077042796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2013.6553818","title":"Compensating inaccurate annotations to train 3D facial landmark localization models","display_name":"Compensating inaccurate annotations to train 3D facial landmark localization models","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2077042796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2013.6553818","mag":"2077042796"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2013.6553818","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2013.6553818","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019420087","display_name":"Federico M. Sukno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2029-1576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142762351","display_name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/01hxy9878","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142762351"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42934936","display_name":"Dublin City University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1a1e81","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Federico M. Sukno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Image Processing & Analysis, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland","Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Image Processing & Analysis, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142762351"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042163606","display_name":"John L. Waddington","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3755-3373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142762351","display_name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/01hxy9878","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142762351"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John L. Waddington","raw_affiliation_strings":["Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142762351"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053945083","display_name":"Paul F. Whelan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9230-7656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42934936","display_name":"Dublin City University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1a1e81","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul F. Whelan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Image Processing & Analysis, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Image Processing & Analysis, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019420087"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142762351","https://openalex.org/I42934936"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4832,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86380948,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7432","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.9517422318458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.8518782258033752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7946743965148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.7205610871315002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.6735033988952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.6127698421478271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5828625559806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5570427775382996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4201931655406952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4189218580722809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4028584361076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35155975818634033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.9517422318458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.8518782258033752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7946743965148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.7205610871315002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.6735033988952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.6127698421478271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5828625559806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5570427775382996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4201931655406952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4189218580722809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4028584361076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35155975818634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2013.6553818","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2013.6553818","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.385.5469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.385.5469","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cipa.dcu.ie/papers/Sukno_W3DFB2013.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1564871316","https://openalex.org/W1666942233","https://openalex.org/W1796640878","https://openalex.org/W1965169635","https://openalex.org/W1965215590","https://openalex.org/W1985555687","https://openalex.org/W1994550352","https://openalex.org/W2029900466","https://openalex.org/W2091182651","https://openalex.org/W2099606917","https://openalex.org/W2106378109","https://openalex.org/W2111617640","https://openalex.org/W2118490821","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2132656721","https://openalex.org/W2133131023","https://openalex.org/W2137659841","https://openalex.org/W2145899855","https://openalex.org/W2151231840","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2160435048","https://openalex.org/W2161920802","https://openalex.org/W2163921091","https://openalex.org/W2166672191","https://openalex.org/W2170413589","https://openalex.org/W2170645625","https://openalex.org/W2172059508","https://openalex.org/W3100570787","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W6634014874","https://openalex.org/W6638566078","https://openalex.org/W6683426178"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056853153","https://openalex.org/W2057559274","https://openalex.org/W2005087563","https://openalex.org/W2378111931","https://openalex.org/W4243161226","https://openalex.org/W2052388267","https://openalex.org/W2950647290","https://openalex.org/W2620829895","https://openalex.org/W2356918560","https://openalex.org/W1968481813"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,86],"paper":[2],"we":[3,64,88,138],"investigate":[4],"the":[5,36,52,59,77,109,112,132,156,159,163,166,173,178,181],"impact":[6],"of":[7,38,79,98,111,116,150,158],"inconsistency":[8],"in":[9,40,114],"manual":[10,67,151],"annotations":[11,39,68,99,152],"when":[12,125],"they":[13],"are":[14,71,127,144],"used":[15,61],"to":[16,33,58,93,106,131,170,172],"train":[17],"automatic":[18,80],"models":[19,81,113,160,179],"for":[20],"3D":[21],"facial":[22],"landmark":[23,117],"localization.":[24],"We":[25],"start":[26],"by":[27,176],"showing":[28],"that":[29,44,66,102,141],"it":[30,45,103],"is":[31,122],"possible":[32],"objectively":[34],"measure":[35,57],"consistency":[37],"a":[41,90,96],"database,":[42],"provided":[43],"contains":[46],"replicates":[47],"(i.e.":[48],"repeated":[49],"scans":[50],"from":[51,165],"same":[53],"person).":[54],"Applying":[55],"such":[56],"widely":[60],"FRGC":[62],"database":[63],"find":[65],"currently":[69],"available":[70],"suboptimal":[72],"and":[73,100],"can":[74,104],"strongly":[75],"impair":[76],"accuracy":[78,110,157],"learnt":[82],"therefrom.":[83],"To":[84],"address":[85],"issue,":[87],"present":[89],"simple":[91],"algorithm":[92,168],"automatically":[94],"correct":[95],"set":[97,149],"show":[101,140],"help":[105],"significantly":[107],"improve":[108],"terms":[115],"localization":[118],"errors.":[119],"This":[120],"improvement":[121],"observed":[123],"even":[124],"errors":[126,143],"measured":[128],"with":[129,153],"respect":[130],"original":[133],"(not":[134],"corrected)":[135],"annotations.":[136],"However,":[137],"also":[139],"if":[142],"computed":[145],"against":[146],"an":[147],"alternative":[148],"higher":[154],"consistency,":[155],"constructed":[161],"using":[162],"corrections":[164],"presented":[167],"tends":[169],"converge":[171],"one":[174],"achieved":[175],"building":[177],"on":[180],"alternative,":[182],"more":[183],"consistent":[184],"set.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
