{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1970201296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2013.6553701","title":"Approximate structured output learning for Constrained Local Models with application to real-time facial feature detection and tracking on low-power devices","display_name":"Approximate structured output learning for Constrained Local Models with application to real-time facial feature detection and tracking on low-power devices","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1970201296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2013.6553701","mag":"1970201296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2013.6553701","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2013.6553701","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100726973","display_name":"Shuai Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1636-631X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124261462","display_name":"Oxford Brookes University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v2twj65","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford Brookes Vision Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK","Oxford Brookes Vision Group, Oxford Brookes Univ., Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Brookes Vision Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Brookes Vision Group, Oxford Brookes Univ., Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111466194","display_name":"Paul Sturgess","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124261462","display_name":"Oxford Brookes University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v2twj65","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Sturgess","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford Brookes Vision Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK","Oxford Brookes Vision Group, Oxford Brookes Univ., Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Brookes Vision Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Brookes Vision Group, Oxford Brookes Univ., Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001534492","display_name":"Philip H. S. Torr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124261462","display_name":"Oxford Brookes University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v2twj65","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip H. S. Torr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford Brookes Vision Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK","Oxford Brookes Vision Group, Oxford Brookes Univ., Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Brookes Vision Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Brookes Vision Group, Oxford Brookes Univ., Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7849417328834534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6748110055923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6630032062530518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6440991759300232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5776998996734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.57599937915802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4874994456768036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.46572181582450867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.4563702642917633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structured-prediction","display_name":"Structured prediction","score":0.4431523084640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4286147654056549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4284055233001709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4133189916610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.3004657030105591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11195868253707886}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7849417328834534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6748110055923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6630032062530518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6440991759300232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5776998996734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.57599937915802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4874994456768036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.46572181582450867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.4563702642917633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22367795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7625208","display_name":"Structured prediction","level":2,"score":0.4431523084640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4286147654056549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4284055233001709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4133189916610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.3004657030105591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11195868253707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2013.6553701","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2013.6553701","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.301.6454","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.301.6454","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cms.brookes.ac.uk/research/visiongroup/publications/2013/BVGFacialFeatureTrackerMobile.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:87f8f5de-baeb-4759-baf6-0bc8ca654795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:87f8f5de-baeb-4759-baf6-0bc8ca654795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symplectic Elements","raw_type":"Conference item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6714370467","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/I001107/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6927027569","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/I001107/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W162171320","https://openalex.org/W1491719799","https://openalex.org/W1977821862","https://openalex.org/W1980422228","https://openalex.org/W1990937109","https://openalex.org/W1995266040","https://openalex.org/W2022879247","https://openalex.org/W2030536784","https://openalex.org/W2032558548","https://openalex.org/W2044651476","https://openalex.org/W2047508432","https://openalex.org/W2068723942","https://openalex.org/W2069258060","https://openalex.org/W2073039128","https://openalex.org/W2076017598","https://openalex.org/W2083021723","https://openalex.org/W2105842272","https://openalex.org/W2109434346","https://openalex.org/W2117228865","https://openalex.org/W2124211486","https://openalex.org/W2127028853","https://openalex.org/W2134724684","https://openalex.org/W2138406903","https://openalex.org/W2156131479","https://openalex.org/W2163998463","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2325168940","https://openalex.org/W2544166375","https://openalex.org/W2912990735","https://openalex.org/W6606507723","https://openalex.org/W6629564929","https://openalex.org/W6648088351","https://openalex.org/W6662335928","https://openalex.org/W6675783020","https://openalex.org/W6676302190","https://openalex.org/W6678512814","https://openalex.org/W6701270854"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3162204513","https://openalex.org/W2336272890","https://openalex.org/W4308999381","https://openalex.org/W3183843611","https://openalex.org/W4312238398","https://openalex.org/W3211418293","https://openalex.org/W4308999963","https://openalex.org/W2985118265","https://openalex.org/W4312081214","https://openalex.org/W325114128"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Given":[0],"a":[1,85,89,94,132,138],"face":[2],"detection,":[3],"facial":[4,10],"feature":[5],"detection":[6],"involves":[7],"localizing":[8],"the":[9,22,25,52,55,73,119,128,151],"landmarks":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13],"eyes,":[14],"nose,":[15],"mouth.":[16],"Within":[17],"this":[18,59],"paper":[19],"we":[20,39,66,92],"examine":[21,40],"learning":[23,83],"of":[24,54,64,84,88,97,122,140,171],"appearance":[26,74],"model":[27,100,129],"in":[28,163],"Constrained":[29],"Local":[30],"Models":[31],"(CLM)":[32],"technique.":[33],"We":[34,117],"have":[35],"two":[36],"contributions:":[37],"firstly":[38],"an":[41],"approximate":[42,124],"method":[43,60],"for":[44,80],"doing":[45],"structured":[46],"learning,":[47],"which":[48],"jointly":[49],"learns":[50],"all":[51],"appearances":[53],"landmarks.":[56],"Even":[57],"though":[58],"has":[61],"no":[62],"guarantee":[63],"optimality":[65],"find":[67],"it":[68],"performs":[69,167],"better":[70],"than":[71],"training":[72,127],"models":[75],"independently.":[76],"This":[77],"also":[78],"allows":[79],"efficiently":[81],"online":[82],"particular":[86],"instance":[87],"face.":[90],"Secondly":[91],"use":[93],"binary":[95,105],"approximation":[96],"our":[98,123,159],"learnt":[99],"that":[101,158],"when":[102],"combined":[103],"with":[104],"features,":[106],"leads":[107],"to":[108],"efficient":[109],"inference":[110],"at":[111,146,168],"runtime":[112,147],"using":[113],"bitwise":[114],"AND":[115],"operations.":[116],"quantify":[118],"generalization":[120],"performance":[121],"SO-CLM,":[125],"by":[126],"parameters":[130],"on":[131,137,150],"single":[133],"dataset,":[134],"and":[135],"testing":[136],"total":[139],"five":[141],"unseen":[142],"benchmarks.":[143],"The":[144],"speed":[145],"is":[148],"demonstrated":[149],"ipad2":[152],"platform.":[153],"Our":[154],"results":[155],"clearly":[156],"show":[157],"proposed":[160],"system":[161],"runs":[162],"real-time,":[164],"yet":[165],"still":[166],"state-of-the-art":[169],"levels":[170],"accuracy.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
