{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1979492804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771473","title":"Unsupervised learning of human expressions, gestures, and actions","display_name":"Unsupervised learning of human expressions, gestures, and actions","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1979492804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771473","mag":"1979492804"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2011.5771473","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771473","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Face and Gesture 2011","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111573770","display_name":"Stephen O\u2032Hara","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen O'Hara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105349489","display_name":"Yui Man Lui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5156-0310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yui Man Lui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024491677","display_name":"Bruce A. Draper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8560-541X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce A. Draper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6645,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86270324,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7964545488357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.755304217338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.7454501390457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6025867462158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5764858722686768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4754216969013214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.44114863872528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture-recognition","display_name":"Gesture recognition","score":0.4346829950809479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.42067909240722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41764557361602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39777642488479614}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7964545488357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.755304217338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.7454501390457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6025867462158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5764858722686768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4754216969013214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.44114863872528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.4346829950809479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.42067909240722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41764557361602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39777642488479614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2011.5771473","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771473","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Face and Gesture 2011","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10916678","https://openalex.org/W1590105591","https://openalex.org/W1985188514","https://openalex.org/W1993229407","https://openalex.org/W2003543060","https://openalex.org/W2010399676","https://openalex.org/W2020163092","https://openalex.org/W2034328688","https://openalex.org/W2106996050","https://openalex.org/W2108333036","https://openalex.org/W2111411921","https://openalex.org/W2124017786","https://openalex.org/W2146634731","https://openalex.org/W2158169396","https://openalex.org/W2161612652","https://openalex.org/W2165052637","https://openalex.org/W2533739470","https://openalex.org/W2618753359","https://openalex.org/W4249279051","https://openalex.org/W6600437453","https://openalex.org/W6683492740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2902873204","https://openalex.org/W2185750513","https://openalex.org/W2010878661","https://openalex.org/W3147379364","https://openalex.org/W2026258298","https://openalex.org/W3204639664","https://openalex.org/W2970836791","https://openalex.org/W2805039731","https://openalex.org/W2989699735","https://openalex.org/W4322710567"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,38,208],"paper":[1,39],"analyzes":[2],"completely":[3],"unsupervised":[4,126,153],"clustering":[5,55,85,127],"of":[6,24,31,47,58,86,107,110,117,187,189,215],"human":[7,59],"expressions,":[8,61],"gestures,":[9,63],"and":[10,50,64,112,154,225],"actions":[11],"in":[12,150,218],"video.":[13],"Lacking":[14],"any":[15],"supervision,":[16],"there":[17],"is":[18,69,124],"nothing":[19],"except":[20],"the":[21,98,101,113,118,142,158,185,194,212,219,226],"inherent":[22,192],"biases":[23],"a":[25,105,147,163],"given":[26],"technique":[27],"to":[28,70,79,133,193,198],"guide":[29],"grouping":[30],"video":[32,56],"clips":[33,57],"along":[34],"semantically":[35,83],"meaningful":[36],"partitions.":[37],"evaluates":[40],"two":[41],"contemporary":[42],"behavior":[43,80],"recognition":[44,81],"methods,":[45,184],"Bag":[46],"Features":[48],"(BOF)":[49],"Product":[51],"Manifolds":[52],"(PM),":[53],"for":[54,168],"facial":[60],"hand":[62,220],"full-body":[65,231],"actions.":[66,232],"Our":[67],"goal":[68],"better":[71],"understand":[72],"how":[73],"well":[74],"these":[75],"very":[76],"different":[77],"approaches":[78],"produce":[82],"useful":[84],"relevant":[87],"data.":[88],"We":[89,172],"show":[90],"that":[91,125,175,200],"PM":[92,129],"yields":[93,130],"superior":[94],"results":[95],"when":[96],"measuring":[97],"alignment":[99],"between":[100,152],"generated":[102],"clusters":[103],"over":[104],"range":[106],"K-values":[108],"(number":[109],"clusters)":[111],"nominal":[114],"class":[115],"labelling":[116],"data":[119,160,222],"set.":[120],"A":[121],"key":[122],"result":[123],"with":[128],"accuracy":[131],"comparable":[132],"state-of-the-art":[134],"supervised":[135,155,206],"classification":[136],"methods":[137],"on":[138,157,166,230],"KTH":[139],"Actions.":[140],"At":[141],"same":[143,159],"time,":[144],"BOF":[145,195],"experiences":[146],"substantial":[148],"drop":[149],"performance":[151,229],"implementations":[156],"sets,":[161],"indicating":[162],"greater":[164],"reliance":[165],"supervision":[167],"achieving":[169],"high":[170],"performance.":[171],"also":[173],"found":[174],"while":[176],"gross":[177],"motions":[178],"were":[179],"easily":[180,203],"clustered":[181],"by":[182,211,223],"both":[183],"lack":[186],"preservation":[188],"structural":[190],"information":[191],"representation":[196],"leads":[197],"limitations":[199],"are":[201],"not":[202],"overcome":[204],"without":[205],"training.":[207],"was":[209],"evidenced":[210],"poor":[213,228],"separation":[214],"shape":[216],"labels":[217],"gestures":[221],"BOF,":[224],"overall":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}