{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1966784095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771442","title":"Warp that smile on your face: Optimal and smooth deformations for face recognition","display_name":"Warp that smile on your face: Optimal and smooth deformations for face recognition","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1966784095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771442","mag":"1966784095"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2011.5771442","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771442","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Face and Gesture 2011","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109868937","display_name":"Tobias Gass","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["CH","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Gass","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Switzerland","Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition Group, RWTH Aachen University, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition Group, RWTH Aachen University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010680659","display_name":"Leonid Pishchulin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01w19ak89","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonid Pishchulin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision and Multimodal Computing, MPI Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany","Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition Group, RWTH Aachen University, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Multimodal Computing, MPI Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition Group, RWTH Aachen University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052238014","display_name":"Philippe Dreuw","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philippe Dreuw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition Group, RWTH Aachen University, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition Group, RWTH Aachen University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112501010","display_name":"Hermann Ney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hermann Ney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition Group, RWTH Aachen University, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition Group, RWTH Aachen University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0935,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88825883,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"456","last_page":"463"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-warping","display_name":"Image warping","score":0.8975645899772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7361252307891846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7036640048027039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5853004455566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-time-warping","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","score":0.5766562819480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5731309056282043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5066738724708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.49609097838401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4889868497848511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.48811015486717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18385106325149536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157202957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1659609","display_name":"Image warping","level":2,"score":0.8975645899772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7361252307891846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7036640048027039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5853004455566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88516994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268863","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","level":2,"score":0.5766562819480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5731309056282043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5066738724708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.49609097838401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4889868497848511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.48811015486717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18385106325149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2011.5771442","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771442","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Face and Gesture 2011","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:edoc.mpg.de:618783","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://edoc.mpg.de/618783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922265","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face &amp; Gesture Recognition and Workshops (FG 2011), IEEE, 456-463 (2011)","raw_type":"Conference-Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:125702","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/125702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401362","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition and workshops (FG 2011) : Santa Barbara, California, USA, 21 - 25 March 2011<br/>2011 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition and workshops, ICASSP 2011, Prague, Czech Republic, 2011-05-22 - 2011-05-27","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_1562493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0010-1302-A","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition and Workshops","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515474062","https://openalex.org/W1532776524","https://openalex.org/W1545641654","https://openalex.org/W1572394887","https://openalex.org/W1591385104","https://openalex.org/W1628541567","https://openalex.org/W1677409904","https://openalex.org/W1913131897","https://openalex.org/W1981578346","https://openalex.org/W1991158974","https://openalex.org/W2001426861","https://openalex.org/W2007333672","https://openalex.org/W2019741182","https://openalex.org/W2038952578","https://openalex.org/W2044701250","https://openalex.org/W2071652045","https://openalex.org/W2085183210","https://openalex.org/W2088119458","https://openalex.org/W2107369107","https://openalex.org/W2110410904","https://openalex.org/W2117072267","https://openalex.org/W2118781693","https://openalex.org/W2119605622","https://openalex.org/W2120954940","https://openalex.org/W2135016226","https://openalex.org/W2135833910","https://openalex.org/W2140324756","https://openalex.org/W2143642807","https://openalex.org/W2145072179","https://openalex.org/W2145221928","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2155759509","https://openalex.org/W2164416618","https://openalex.org/W2164918853","https://openalex.org/W2180187800","https://openalex.org/W2542451952","https://openalex.org/W2994340921","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W6630910523","https://openalex.org/W6632636493","https://openalex.org/W6634353232","https://openalex.org/W6635552349","https://openalex.org/W6636620952","https://openalex.org/W6648329832","https://openalex.org/W6677634300","https://openalex.org/W6729089632"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1670332068","https://openalex.org/W2095618524","https://openalex.org/W2347413598","https://openalex.org/W1918542373","https://openalex.org/W71572444","https://openalex.org/W1997383766","https://openalex.org/W2154472250","https://openalex.org/W2350336482","https://openalex.org/W2229352698","https://openalex.org/W2124958607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"work,":[2],"we":[3,168,248],"present":[4],"novel":[5,133,187],"warping":[6,67,135,208],"algorithms":[7],"for":[8,13,38,85,237],"full":[9],"2D":[10,103,134,217],"pixel-grid":[11],"deformations":[12],"face":[14,21,23,43],"recognition.":[15],"Due":[16,95],"to":[17,55,78,96,175,206,259],"high":[18],"variation":[19,61],"in":[20,63,108,179],"appearance,":[22],"recognition":[24,87],"is":[25,44,74,138,173,226],"considered":[26],"a":[27,34,40,70,132,180,203,223,262],"very":[28,91],"difficult":[29],"task,":[30],"especially":[31],"if":[32],"only":[33,90],"single":[35],"reference":[36,93],"image,":[37],"example":[39],"mug-shot,":[41],"per":[42,256],"available.":[45],"Usually":[46],"model-based":[47],"approaches":[48,107,233],"with":[49,57,76,124],"additional":[50],"training":[51,254],"data":[52,123,148],"are":[53],"used":[54],"cope":[56],"several":[58,79],"types":[59,80],"of":[60,81,101,114,182,264],"occurring":[62],"facial":[64],"imaging.":[65],"Image":[66],"contrarily":[68],"yields":[69],"distance":[71],"measure":[72],"which":[73,137,154,225],"invariant":[75],"regard":[77],"variation.":[82],"This":[83],"allows":[84],"precise":[86],"even":[88],"using":[89,214,252],"few":[92],"observations.":[94],"the":[97,109,115,147,165,196,265],"computationally":[98,231],"complex":[99,232],"problem":[100],"optimal":[102,140],"warping,":[104],"pseudo-2D":[105],"warping-based":[106],"past":[110],"represented":[111],"strong":[112,219],"approximations":[113],"original":[116],"problem,":[117],"and":[118,141,159,161,198,201,222,244],"were":[119],"mainly":[120],"successful":[121],"on":[122,146,189],"low":[125],"variability":[126,149],"or":[127],"rectified":[128],"images.":[129],"We":[130,184,210],"propose":[131],"method":[136],"globally":[139],"makes":[142],"no":[143],"prior":[144],"assumtions":[145],"besides":[150],"two-dimensional":[151],"smootheness":[152],"constraints":[153],"both":[155],"avoid":[156],"local":[157,220],"mirroring":[158],"gaps":[160],"significantly":[162],"speed":[163],"up":[164],"optimization.":[166],"Furthermore,":[167],"show":[169,211],"that":[170,212],"occlusion":[171],"handling":[172],"imperative":[174],"obtain":[176],"smooth":[177],"warpings":[178],"variety":[181],"domains.":[183],"evaluate":[185],"our":[186,230],"algorithm":[188],"various":[190],"well":[191],"known":[192],"databases,":[193],"such":[194],"as":[195],"AR-Face":[197],"CMU-PIE":[199],"database,":[200],"provide":[202],"detailed":[204],"comparison":[205],"existing":[207],"approaches.":[209],"by":[213],"simple":[215],"relative":[216],"constraints,":[218],"features":[221],"kernel,":[224],"robust":[227],"w.r.t.":[228],"occlusions,":[229],"outperform":[234],"state-of-the-art":[235],"results":[236],"recognizing":[238],"faces":[239],"under":[240],"varying":[241],"expressions,":[242],"occlusions":[243],"poses.":[245],"Most":[246],"interestingly,":[247],"achieve":[249],"higher":[250],"accuracy":[251],"fewer":[253],"instances":[255],"class":[257],"compared":[258],"methods":[260],"learning":[261],"model":[263],"3D":[266],"shape.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
