{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2152472358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771438","title":"Face liveness detection by learning multispectral reflectance distributions","display_name":"Face liveness detection by learning multispectral reflectance distributions","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2152472358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771438","mag":"2152472358"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2011.5771438","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771438","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Face and Gesture 2011","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100347617","display_name":"Zhiwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3463-0505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Biometrics and Security Research & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy and Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Biometrics and Security Research & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy and Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100650290","display_name":"Yi Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4352-128X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Biometrics and Security Research & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy and Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Biometrics and Security Research & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy and Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101629247","display_name":"Zhen Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0450-0913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Biometrics and Security Research & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy and Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Biometrics and Security Research & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy and Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082786719","display_name":"Stan Z. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2961-8096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stan Z. Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Biometrics and Security Research & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy and Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Biometrics and Security Research & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy and Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100347617"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.7333,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":182,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98759244,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"436","last_page":"441"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liveness","display_name":"Liveness","score":0.9708766341209412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.8087844252586365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7973947525024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6444473266601562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5815683603286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.5481189489364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5234531760215759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5178573131561279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.45891842246055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39205223321914673}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15569618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561421","display_name":"Liveness","level":2,"score":0.9708766341209412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.8087844252586365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7973947525024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6444473266601562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5815683603286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.5481189489364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5234531760215759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5178573131561279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.45891842246055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39205223321914673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2011.5771438","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771438","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Face and Gesture 2011","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W299328272","https://openalex.org/W1484301591","https://openalex.org/W1586351097","https://openalex.org/W1889383825","https://openalex.org/W1983008792","https://openalex.org/W2024046085","https://openalex.org/W2067957471","https://openalex.org/W2106352297","https://openalex.org/W2126074213","https://openalex.org/W2136666231","https://openalex.org/W2140593870","https://openalex.org/W2151343288","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2165916500","https://openalex.org/W4205392983","https://openalex.org/W6629006804","https://openalex.org/W6639462251","https://openalex.org/W6682346027"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1565271071","https://openalex.org/W2081199208","https://openalex.org/W3160870209","https://openalex.org/W3349016","https://openalex.org/W2494011163","https://openalex.org/W2053262709","https://openalex.org/W1481041875","https://openalex.org/W2139648957","https://openalex.org/W2391970076","https://openalex.org/W1487808658"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"face":[1,33,153,159],"liveness":[2,34,126,168],"detection":[3,35,127,169],"algorithms":[4],"adopt":[5],"behavioural":[6],"challenge-response":[7,167],"methods":[8],"that":[9],"require":[10],"user":[11,23,39,128],"cooperation.":[12],"To":[13],"be":[14],"verified":[15],"live,":[16],"users":[17],"are":[18,68,80,147],"expected":[19],"to":[20,47,82,92],"obey":[21],"some":[22],"unfriendly":[24],"requirement.":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27],"paper,":[28],"we":[29,55],"present":[30],"a":[31,84,98,162],"multispectral":[32,57,95],"method,":[36],"which":[37],"is":[38,45,90,120,171],"cooperation":[40,119],"free.":[41],"Moreover,":[42],"the":[43,52,65,94,106,110,117,125,142,165,179],"system":[44,134],"adaptive":[46],"various":[48],"user-system":[49],"distances.":[50],"Using":[51],"Lambertian":[53],"model,":[54],"analyze":[56],"properties":[58],"of":[59,73,181],"human":[60],"skin":[61],"versus":[62,151,157],"non-skin,":[63],"and":[64,75,130,155],"discriminative":[66],"wavelengths":[67],"then":[69],"chosen.":[70],"Reflectance":[71],"data":[72],"genuine":[74,150,156],"fake":[76],"faces":[77],"at":[78],"multi-distances":[79],"selected":[81],"form":[83],"training":[85],"set.":[86],"An":[87],"SVM":[88],"classifier":[89],"trained":[91],"learn":[93],"distribution":[96],"for":[97],"final":[99],"Genuine-or-Fake":[100],"classification.":[101],"Compared":[102],"with":[103,164],"previous":[104,185],"works,":[105],"proposed":[107],"method":[108,170,183],"has":[109],"following":[111],"advantages:":[112],"(a)":[113],"The":[114,133,174],"requirement":[115,140],"on":[116,149],"users'":[118],"no":[121],"longer":[122],"needed,":[123],"making":[124],"friendly":[129],"fast.":[131],"(b)":[132],"can":[135],"work":[136],"without":[137],"restricted":[138],"distance":[139],"from":[141],"target":[143],"being":[144],"analyzed.":[145],"Experiments":[146],"conducted":[148],"planar":[152],"data,":[154],"mask":[158],"data.":[160],"Furthermore":[161],"comparison":[163],"visible":[166],"also":[172],"given.":[173],"experimental":[175],"results":[176],"clearly":[177],"demonstrate":[178],"superiority":[180],"our":[182],"over":[184],"systems.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
