{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2049456899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771418","title":"Automated measurement of children's facial expressions during problem solving tasks","display_name":"Automated measurement of children's facial expressions during problem solving tasks","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2049456899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771418","mag":"2049456899"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2011.5771418","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771418","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Face and Gesture 2011","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014021364","display_name":"Gwen Littlewort","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-290X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gwen C. Littlewort","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111580862","display_name":"Marian Stewart Bartlett","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marian S. Bartlett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017990152","display_name":"Linda P. Salamanca","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26538001","display_name":"San Diego State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0264fdx42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linda P. Salamanca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA","Department of Psychology, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109004668","display_name":"Judy Reilly","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26538001","display_name":"San Diego State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0264fdx42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Judy Reilly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA","Department of Psychology, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.6722,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97974831,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"30","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11820","display_name":"Learning Styles and Cognitive Differences","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.8660035729408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boredom","display_name":"Boredom","score":0.639378547668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6290950179100037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-action-coding-system","display_name":"Facial Action Coding System","score":0.6036046743392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5557262897491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.5291110873222351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.4932064414024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.49229466915130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4360066056251526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.43333011865615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42558377981185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toolbox","display_name":"Toolbox","score":0.41336268186569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3812544345855713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3294844329357147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.28263533115386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.121604323387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.08554062247276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.8660035729408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777589236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34255","display_name":"Boredom","level":2,"score":0.639378547668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6290950179100037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40346341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391629","display_name":"Facial Action Coding System","level":3,"score":0.6036046743392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5557262897491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.5291110873222351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4932064414024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.49229466915130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4360066056251526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43333011865615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42558377981185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777655017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501161","display_name":"Toolbox","level":2,"score":0.41336268186569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3812544345855713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3294844329357147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.28263533115386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.121604323387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.08554062247276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2011.5771418","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771418","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Face and Gesture 2011","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523189742","https://openalex.org/W1529098247","https://openalex.org/W1564197266","https://openalex.org/W1569429725","https://openalex.org/W1875231349","https://openalex.org/W1889777305","https://openalex.org/W1982709543","https://openalex.org/W2009266235","https://openalex.org/W2022928985","https://openalex.org/W2025363292","https://openalex.org/W2027268998","https://openalex.org/W2030377075","https://openalex.org/W2054799530","https://openalex.org/W2108054537","https://openalex.org/W2112564774","https://openalex.org/W2114449149","https://openalex.org/W2118363134","https://openalex.org/W2130177765","https://openalex.org/W2133180260","https://openalex.org/W2136208491","https://openalex.org/W2149731110","https://openalex.org/W2156140659","https://openalex.org/W2158232862","https://openalex.org/W2159668072","https://openalex.org/W2172010324","https://openalex.org/W2295661697","https://openalex.org/W2407706149","https://openalex.org/W2546309605","https://openalex.org/W2805123137","https://openalex.org/W2995034616","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W4249833682","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6639350448","https://openalex.org/W6676934228","https://openalex.org/W6683789560","https://openalex.org/W6752424764"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012415311","https://openalex.org/W1998708415","https://openalex.org/W3169168314","https://openalex.org/W2627086084","https://openalex.org/W2130087906","https://openalex.org/W2023657742","https://openalex.org/W2953116087","https://openalex.org/W3153565281","https://openalex.org/W2049699482","https://openalex.org/W2081749143"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"has":[1],"been":[2],"growing":[3],"recognition":[4,62,87],"of":[5,8,39,48,56,63,77,92,100,110],"the":[6,15,36,84,98,107,113],"importance":[7],"adaptive":[9],"tutoring":[10],"systems":[11],"that":[12],"respond":[13],"to":[14,59,69,90],"student's":[16],"emotional":[17],"and":[18,72,102,126,132,144,157],"cognitive":[19],"state.":[20],"However":[21],"little":[22],"is":[23,53],"known":[24],"about":[25],"children's":[26],"facial":[27,75,121,155],"expressions":[28,76,109],"during":[29,79,123,147],"a":[30],"problem":[31,80,124,148],"solving":[32],"task.":[33],"What":[34],"are":[35],"actual":[37],"signals":[38],"boredom,":[40],"interest,":[41],"or":[42],"confusion":[43],"in":[44,54,120,128,139],"real,":[45],"spontaneous":[46,57,74,108],"behavior":[47],"students?":[49],"The":[50],"field":[51],"also":[52],"need":[55],"datasets":[58],"drive":[60],"automated":[61],"these":[64],"states.":[65],"This":[66],"project":[67],"aims":[68],"collect,":[70],"measure,":[71],"describe":[73],"children":[78,96,146],"solving.":[81,149],"We":[82],"apply":[83],"computer":[85],"expression":[86,122,129,140],"toolbox":[88],"(CERT)":[89],"videos":[91],"behavioral":[93],"data":[94],"from":[95],"between":[97,130,142,154],"ages":[99],"3":[101],"9,":[103],"particularly":[104],"focusing":[105],"on":[106],"uncertainty.":[111],"From":[112],"Facial":[114],"Action":[115],"outputs,":[116],"we":[117,136],"analyze":[118],"changes":[119],"solving,":[125],"differences":[127,138,153],"correct":[131],"incorrect":[133],"trials.":[134],"Moreover,":[135],"demonstrate":[137],"dynamics":[141],"older":[143],"younger":[145],"Future":[150],"work":[151],"examines":[152],"action":[156],"other":[158],"modalities":[159],"such":[160],"as":[161],"voice":[162],"pitch.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}