{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2143899944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771416","title":"Action unit detection using sparse appearance descriptors in space-time video volumes","display_name":"Action unit detection using sparse appearance descriptors in space-time video volumes","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2143899944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771416","mag":"2143899944"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2011.5771416","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771416","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Face and Gesture 2011","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020947793","display_name":"Bihan Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bihan Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Imperial College London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089151131","display_name":"Michel Valstar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2414-161X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michel F. Valstar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Imperial College London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016033078","display_name":"Maja Panti\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3620-5986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maja Pantic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Imperial College London, UK","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020947793"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.4903,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":237,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99478611,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"314","last_page":"321"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9629999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.9390099048614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6750943064689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6335821151733398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5925675630569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5667904615402222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4948357939720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.4602881968021393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.4398699998855591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.429911732673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36095595359802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27070140838623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.18667730689048767}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.9390099048614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6750943064689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6335821151733398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5925675630569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5667904615402222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4948357939720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4602881968021393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4398699998855591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.429911732673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36095595359802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27070140838623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.18667730689048767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2011.5771416","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771416","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Face and Gesture 2011","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire_cris_publications/223e03af-9daf-44ff-aa04-28a55c0c53ea","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/223e03af-9daf-44ff-aa04-28a55c0c53ea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Jiang, B, Valstar, M F & Pantic, M 2011, Action Unit detection using sparse appearance descriptors in space-time video volumes. in IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition and Workshops (FG 2011). IEEE, USA, pp. 314-321, 9th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, FG 2011, Santa Barbara, California, United States, 21/03/11. https://doi.org/10.1109/FG.2011.5771416","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:publications/223e03af-9daf-44ff-aa04-28a55c0c53ea","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.eemcs.utwente.nl/secure2/21329/01/pantic_action_unit_detection_using.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1530517206","https://openalex.org/W1569534989","https://openalex.org/W1607979445","https://openalex.org/W2039051707","https://openalex.org/W2101965618","https://openalex.org/W2106390385","https://openalex.org/W2108445559","https://openalex.org/W2109774206","https://openalex.org/W2124005670","https://openalex.org/W2127462305","https://openalex.org/W2135776491","https://openalex.org/W2139540805","https://openalex.org/W2139916508","https://openalex.org/W2145310492","https://openalex.org/W2146780613","https://openalex.org/W2156503193","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2167260591","https://openalex.org/W2172279486","https://openalex.org/W2173219554","https://openalex.org/W2995034616","https://openalex.org/W3214102110","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6684125387","https://openalex.org/W6771710517","https://openalex.org/W6804270185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055219403","https://openalex.org/W2581696209","https://openalex.org/W2020430625","https://openalex.org/W2044065526","https://openalex.org/W2058306460","https://openalex.org/W2955952267","https://openalex.org/W2076436625","https://openalex.org/W2083564146","https://openalex.org/W2148428954","https://openalex.org/W2049095871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently":[0],"developed":[1],"appearance":[2,142,149],"descriptors":[3,28,94,143],"offer":[4],"the":[5,19,22,56,81,114,122,137],"opportunity":[6],"for":[7,29,45],"efficient":[8],"and":[9,40,77,104,108,116,135],"robust":[10],"facial":[11,51],"expression":[12,52,110],"recognition.":[13],"In":[14],"this":[15,79],"paper":[16],"we":[17,54,67],"investigate":[18],"merits":[20],"of":[21,24,92],"family":[23],"local":[25],"binary":[26],"pattern":[27],"FACS":[30],"Action-Unit":[31],"(AU)":[32],"detection.":[33],"We":[34],"compare":[35,78],"Local":[36,41,69,82],"Binary":[37,83],"Patterns":[38,84],"(LBP)":[39],"Phase":[42,70],"Quantisation":[43,71],"(LPQ)":[44],"static":[46,148],"AU":[47,101],"analysis.":[48],"To":[49],"encode":[50],"dynamics,":[53],"extend":[55],"purely":[57],"spatial":[58],"representation":[59],"LPQ":[60,126],"to":[61],"a":[62,98],"dynamic":[63,141],"texture":[64],"descriptor":[65],"which":[66],"call":[68],"from":[72,85,113],"Three":[73,86],"Orthogonal":[74,87],"Planes":[75,88],"(LPQ-TOP),":[76],"with":[80],"(LBP-TOP).":[89],"The":[90],"efficiency":[91],"these":[93],"is":[95],"evaluated":[96],"by":[97],"fully":[99],"automatic":[100],"detection":[102],"system":[103],"tested":[105,159],"on":[106,125],"posed":[107],"spontaneous":[109],"data":[111],"collected":[112],"MMI":[115],"SEMAINE":[117],"databases.":[118],"Results":[119],"show":[120],"that":[121,136,139,146],"systems":[123,138],"based":[124],"achieve":[127],"higher":[128],"accuracy":[129],"rate":[130],"than":[131],"those":[132,145],"using":[133],"LBP,":[134],"utilise":[140],"outperform":[144],"use":[147],"descriptors.":[150],"Overall,":[151],"our":[152],"proposed":[153],"LPQ-TOP":[154],"method":[155],"outperformed":[156],"all":[157],"other":[158],"methods.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}