{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1983197836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771395","title":"Distinguishing identical twins by face recognition","display_name":"Distinguishing identical twins by face recognition","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1983197836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771395","mag":"1983197836"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2011.5771395","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771395","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Face and Gesture 2011","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047918353","display_name":"P. Jonathon Phillips","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-5197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P. Jonathon Phillips","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","Nat. Inst. of Stand. & Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nat. Inst. of Stand. & Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039987576","display_name":"Patrick J. Flynn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5446-114X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick J. Flynn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019673624","display_name":"Kevin W. Bowyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7562-4390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin W. Bowyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112665673","display_name":"Richard W. Vorder Bruegge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101396","display_name":"Communications Technology Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015xey021","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210101396"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327714866","display_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","ror":"https://ror.org/00ta5r839","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1314586196","https://openalex.org/I1327714866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard W. Vorder Bruegge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science & Technology Branch, Digital Evidence Laboratory, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Quantico, VA, USA","Digital Evidence Lab., Fed. Bur. of Investig., Quantico, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science & Technology Branch, Digital Evidence Laboratory, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Quantico, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327714866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Evidence Lab., Fed. Bur. of Investig., Quantico, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101396"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112312833","display_name":"Patrick Grother","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1996-4363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick J. Grother","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","Nat. Inst. of Stand. & Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nat. Inst. of Stand. & Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078328333","display_name":"George Quinn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8414-8392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George W. Quinn","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","Nat. Inst. of Stand. & Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nat. Inst. of Stand. & Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009713279","display_name":"Matthew T. Pruitt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Pruitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047918353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.894,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":107,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98315533,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"185","last_page":"192"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.919700026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.7428839206695557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.7425703406333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6062610149383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5907780528068542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5817718505859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5590009093284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5098478198051453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identical-twins","display_name":"Identical twins","score":0.4442264139652252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.34230250120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.32756686210632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2860780954360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23790118098258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.06675812602043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.06537392735481262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.7428839206695557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.7425703406333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6062610149383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5907780528068542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5817718505859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5590009093284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5098478198051453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020537875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159979","display_name":"Identical twins","level":2,"score":0.4442264139652252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34230250120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32756686210632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2860780954360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23790118098258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.06675812602043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.06537392735481262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg.2011.5771395","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2011.5771395","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Face and Gesture 2011","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.221.3991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.221.3991","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.nd.edu/%7Ekwb/PhillipsEtAlFG_2011.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536719366","https://openalex.org/W1997343507","https://openalex.org/W2035830871","https://openalex.org/W2040262929","https://openalex.org/W2160719354","https://openalex.org/W2186170585","https://openalex.org/W6649557477"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076845124","https://openalex.org/W2183964146","https://openalex.org/W2379932303","https://openalex.org/W4300873085","https://openalex.org/W3147744369","https://openalex.org/W1535857863","https://openalex.org/W2384651879","https://openalex.org/W2519089617","https://openalex.org/W2988581917","https://openalex.org/W1997343507"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,15],"paper":[1],"measures":[2],"the":[3,32,53,66,85,89,139],"ability":[4],"of":[5,19,22,25,38,51,55,57,70,84,144,147],"face":[6,71,145],"recognition":[7,72,146],"algorithms":[8],"to":[9,76,88,149],"distinguish":[10],"between":[11,62],"identical":[12,26,39],"twin":[13],"siblings.":[14],"experimental":[16],"dataset":[17],"consists":[18],"images":[20,44],"taken":[21],"126":[23],"pairs":[24,37],"twins":[27,40,58,75,148],"(252":[28],"people)":[29,42],"collected":[30,45],"on":[31,74],"same":[33,105],"day":[34,106],"and":[35,59,107,120,124,127],"24":[36],"(48":[41],"with":[43],"one":[46],"year":[47,109],"apart.":[48],"In":[49],"terms":[50],"both":[52,104],"number":[54],"paris":[56],"lapsed":[60],"time":[61],"acquisitions,":[63],"this":[64],"is":[65,138],"most":[67,140],"extensive":[68],"investigation":[69],"performance":[73],"date.":[77,150],"Recognition":[78],"experiments":[79],"are":[80,101,113],"conducted":[81],"using":[82],"three":[83],"top":[86],"submissions":[87],"Multiple":[90],"Biometric":[91],"Evaluation":[92],"(MBE)":[93],"2010":[94],"Still":[95],"Face":[96],"Track":[97],"[1].":[98],"Performance":[99,111],"results":[100,112],"reported":[102],"for":[103],"cross":[108],"matching.":[110],"broken":[114],"out":[115],"by":[116,133],"lighting":[117],"conditions":[118],"(studio":[119],"outside);":[121],"expression":[122],"(neutral":[123],"smiling);":[125],"gender":[126],"age.":[128],"Confidence":[129],"intervals":[130],"were":[131],"generated":[132],"a":[134],"bootstrap":[135],"method.":[136],"This":[137],"detailed":[141],"covariate":[142],"analysis":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}