{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164134188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fccm68464.2026.00033","title":"ReFHE-NTT: Resource-Driven NTT FPGA Architecture for Fully Homomorphic Encryption","display_name":"ReFHE-NTT: Resource-Driven NTT FPGA Architecture for Fully Homomorphic Encryption","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164134188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fccm68464.2026.00033"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fccm68464.2026.00033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fccm68464.2026.00033","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE 34th Annual International Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105100603","display_name":"Valentino Guerrini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentino Guerrini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB),Milan,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB),Milan,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103099232","display_name":"Giuseppe Sorrentino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3025-8620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Sorrentino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB),Milan,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB),Milan,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061596244","display_name":"Alessandro Barenghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0840-6358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Barenghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB),Milan,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB),Milan,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031247318","display_name":"Davide Conficconi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5834-0812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Conficconi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB),Milan,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB),Milan,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86191971,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"161","last_page":"170"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.6450999975204468,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.6450999975204468,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.1834000051021576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.08449999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4318000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.30480000376701355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6883000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4318000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26170000433921814}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fccm68464.2026.00033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fccm68464.2026.00033","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE 34th Annual International Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2801068370","https://openalex.org/W2823747685","https://openalex.org/W2979557494","https://openalex.org/W2985527074","https://openalex.org/W3035754681","https://openalex.org/W3065439923","https://openalex.org/W3164170653","https://openalex.org/W3173128495","https://openalex.org/W4226334377","https://openalex.org/W4312387659","https://openalex.org/W4312895016","https://openalex.org/W4383749459","https://openalex.org/W4384159582","https://openalex.org/W4389159461","https://openalex.org/W4394698520","https://openalex.org/W4399396300","https://openalex.org/W4401387794","https://openalex.org/W4401568290","https://openalex.org/W4407953473","https://openalex.org/W4409155770","https://openalex.org/W4410810258","https://openalex.org/W4411713436","https://openalex.org/W4412939806","https://openalex.org/W4413158461","https://openalex.org/W4416725678"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"Homomorphic":[1],"Encryption":[2],"(FHE)":[3],"enables":[4],"privacy-preserving":[5],"computation":[6],"on":[7,139,239],"encrypted":[8],"data":[9],"at":[10],"a":[11,35,56,102,191,203],"high":[12,69],"computational":[13],"cost.":[14],"Among":[15],"the":[16,37,90,137,140,163,170,198,207],"existing":[17],"schemes,":[18],"CKKS":[19,151,179,214],"is":[20,42,83,169],"gaining":[21],"traction":[22],"thanks":[23],"to":[24,85,107,157,176,183,190],"its":[25],"support":[26,177],"for":[27,78,120,223,227],"approximate":[28],"arithmetic":[29,119,127],"over":[30,197,206],"real":[31],"numbers.":[32],"In":[33],"such":[34,108],"scheme,":[36],"Number":[38],"Theoretic":[39],"Transform":[40],"(NTT)":[41],"dominant,":[43],"involving":[44],"intensive":[45],"modular":[46,118],"arithmetic,":[47],"twiddle-factor":[48,114],"handling,":[49],"and":[50,126,135,150,202,225],"nontrivial":[51],"memory":[52,124],"access":[53],"patterns.":[54],"As":[55],"result,":[57],"NTT":[58,91,104,232],"acceleration":[59],"has":[60],"gained":[61],"significant":[62],"interest,":[63],"with":[64,94,116,154],"many":[65],"FPGA":[66,185],"designs":[67],"achieving":[68],"throughput":[70],"by":[71],"aggressively":[72],"exploiting":[73],"device":[74],"resources.":[75],"While":[76],"effective":[77],"NTT-centric":[79],"workloads,":[80],"this":[81],"approach":[82],"ill-suited":[84],"full":[86],"FHE":[87,237],"pipelines,":[88],"where":[89],"must":[92],"coexist":[93],"other":[95],"compute-intensive":[96],"kernels.":[97],"Thus,":[98],"we":[99],"propose":[100],"ReFHE-NTT,":[101],"resource-efficient":[103,209],"accelerator":[105,138,201],"tailored":[106],"settings.":[109],"Our":[110],"design":[111,233],"combines":[112],"on-the-fly":[113],"fusion":[115],"specialized":[117],"pseudo-Mersenne":[121],"primes,":[122],"reducing":[123],"footprint":[125],"cost":[128],"without":[129],"storing":[130],"precomputed":[131],"tables.":[132],"We":[133],"co-design":[134],"validate":[136],"KV260":[141],"MPSoC,":[142],"supporting":[143],"polynomial":[144],"degrees":[145],"log":[146],"N":[147],"\u2208":[148],"12\u202616":[149],"parameter":[152,180],"sets":[153],"moduli":[155],"up":[156,189],"64":[158],"bits":[159],"per":[160],"prime.":[161],"To":[162],"best":[164],"of":[165,221],"our":[166],"knowledge,":[167],"ReFHE-NTT":[168,216],"first":[171],"solution":[172],"targeting":[173],"embedded":[174,240],"platform":[175],"full-scale":[178],"sets.":[181],"Compared":[182],"prior":[184],"designs,":[186],"it":[187],"achieves":[188],"20.2\u00d7":[192],"improvement":[193,205],"in":[194],"slice-equivalent":[195],"efficiency":[196],"fastest":[199],"open-source":[200],"1.98\u00d7":[204],"most":[208],"one.":[210],"Integrated":[211],"into":[212],"HEAAN":[213],"library,":[215],"delivers":[217],"top":[218],"end-to-end":[219],"speedup":[220],"15\u00d7":[222],"encoding":[224],"7.9\u00d7":[226],"encryption,":[228],"demonstrating":[229],"how":[230],"resource-driven":[231],"can":[234],"substantially":[235],"improve":[236],"performance":[238],"platforms.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2026-06-11T00:00:00"}
