{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164177697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fccm68464.2026.00029","title":"DiffRouter: A Differentiable Routing Framework for UltraScale FPGAs","display_name":"DiffRouter: A Differentiable Routing Framework for UltraScale FPGAs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164177697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fccm68464.2026.00029"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fccm68464.2026.00029","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fccm68464.2026.00029","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE 34th Annual International Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016197057","display_name":"Xiaohan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6201-6110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering,Austin,TX,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering,Austin,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138346042","display_name":"Zhili Xiong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhili Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering,Austin,TX,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering,Austin,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101536052","display_name":"Yusu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7950-4348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107081","display_name":"Xenobe Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01pb5g963","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107081"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Halicioğlu Data Science Institute,San Diego,CA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Halicioğlu Data Science Institute,San Diego,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011883763","display_name":"David Z. Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5705-2501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Z. Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering,Austin,TX,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering,Austin,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88522851,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"124","last_page":"132"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.7811999917030334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.7811999917030334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.1664000004529953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.025200000032782555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differentiable-function","display_name":"Differentiable function","score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.27079999446868896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6335999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202615002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783507","display_name":"Differentiable function","level":2,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.249099999666214}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fccm68464.2026.00029","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fccm68464.2026.00029","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE 34th Annual International Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520093263","https://openalex.org/W1587744656","https://openalex.org/W2016918503","https://openalex.org/W2037455559","https://openalex.org/W2117686912","https://openalex.org/W2125580581","https://openalex.org/W2525280901","https://openalex.org/W2583892184","https://openalex.org/W2792745633","https://openalex.org/W2904816738","https://openalex.org/W2905090969","https://openalex.org/W2915693550","https://openalex.org/W2950858046","https://openalex.org/W2997871849","https://openalex.org/W3013952364","https://openalex.org/W3033033241","https://openalex.org/W3080438181","https://openalex.org/W3132950972","https://openalex.org/W3145225676","https://openalex.org/W3207680987","https://openalex.org/W3215473801","https://openalex.org/W4211082391","https://openalex.org/W4232904085","https://openalex.org/W4249043400","https://openalex.org/W4396976032","https://openalex.org/W4399487167","https://openalex.org/W4401723483","https://openalex.org/W4403278520","https://openalex.org/W4405843722","https://openalex.org/W4409285536","https://openalex.org/W4409306201","https://openalex.org/W4413278483","https://openalex.org/W4416594574"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Routing":[0,157],"has":[1],"become":[2],"a":[3,59,115,141],"major":[4],"bottleneck":[5],"in":[6],"large-scale":[7],"FPGA":[8,49,155,185],"design":[9],"flows,":[10],"where":[11],"traditional":[12],"routers":[13],"rely":[14],"on":[15,38,153],"sequential":[16],"net-by-net":[17],"processing":[18],"and":[19,34,68,101,125,131,146,173,177],"rip-up-reroute":[20],"heuristics.":[21],"This":[22,41],"inherent":[23],"sequentialism":[24],"limits":[25],"parallelism,":[26],"leads":[27],"to":[28,97,140],"suboptimal":[29],"utilization":[30],"of":[31,83],"routing":[32,50,57,67,93,107,113,144],"resources,":[33],"significantly":[35],"increases":[36],"runtime":[37],"modern":[39],"FPGAs.":[40],"paper":[42],"introduces":[43],"DiffRouter,":[44],"the":[45,77,136,154,182],"first":[46],"differentiable,":[47],"gradient-based":[48],"framework":[51,81],"with":[52],"GPU":[53],"acceleration.":[54],"By":[55],"lifting":[56],"into":[58],"continuous":[60,137],"optimization":[61,117],"space,":[62],"DiffRouter":[63,162],"enables":[64],"highly":[65],"concurrent":[66],"improved":[69],"global":[70,106],"optimality":[71],"before":[72],"projecting":[73],"solutions":[74,148],"back":[75],"onto":[76],"discrete":[78],"fabric.":[79],"The":[80],"consists":[82],"three":[84],"key":[85],"stages:":[86],"(1)":[87],"Resource-pruned":[88],"preprocessing,":[89],"which":[90,111,134],"extracts":[91],"compact":[92],"variables":[94],"per":[95],"net":[96],"reduce":[98],"memory":[99],"footprint":[100],"problem":[102],"complexity;":[103],"(2)":[104],"Differentiable":[105],"via":[108],"gradient":[109],"descent,":[110],"formulates":[112],"as":[114,128],"Lagrangian-relaxed":[116],"that":[118,161],"minimizes":[119],"wirelength":[120],"while":[121,188],"iteratively":[122],"enforcing":[123],"connectivity":[124],"congestion":[126],"constraints":[127],"relaxed":[129],"terms;":[130],"(3)":[132],"Postprocessing,":[133],"maps":[135],"wire":[138],"distributions":[139],"valid":[142],"UltraScale":[143],"solution":[145],"completes":[147],"by":[149],"detailed":[150],"routing.":[151],"Experiments":[152],"2024":[156],"Contest":[158],"benchmarks":[159],"show":[160],"outperforms":[163],"state-of-the-art":[164,183],"parallel":[165],"routers,":[166],"achieving":[167],"over":[168,171,175],"5\u00d7":[169],"speedup":[170],"RWRoute":[172],"2\u00d7":[174],"Vivado,":[176],"running":[178],"18%":[179],"faster":[180],"than":[181],"academic":[184],"router":[186],"Potter":[187],"delivering":[189],"competitive":[190],"critical":[191],"path":[192],"wirelength.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-12T06:20:11.936012","created_date":"2026-06-11T00:00:00"}