{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209754925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ewdts52692.2021.9581003","title":"Control-Flow Integrity for Real-Time Operating Systems: Open Issues and Challenges","display_name":"Control-Flow Integrity for Real-Time Operating Systems: Open Issues and Challenges","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209754925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ewdts52692.2021.9581003","mag":"3209754925"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ewdts52692.2021.9581003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ewdts52692.2021.9581003","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075905242","display_name":"Vahid Eftekhari Moghadam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2483-1648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vahid Eftekhari Moghadam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Torino, CINI Cybersecurity National Lab., Turin, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino, CINI Cybersecurity National Lab., Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037026170","display_name":"Marco Meloni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3789-9622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Meloni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036258272","display_name":"P. Prinetto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2400-8245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Prinetto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Torino, CINI Cybersecurity National Lab., Turin, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino, CINI Cybersecurity National Lab., Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075905242"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15792751,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9789000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8009299039840698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.6393471360206604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow","display_name":"Control flow","score":0.5751411318778992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-protection","display_name":"Memory protection","score":0.5626954436302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5598360300064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.5470647215843201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5203582644462585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.512323260307312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4731755554676056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attack-surface","display_name":"Attack surface","score":0.46193256974220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-operating-system","display_name":"Real-time operating system","score":0.44992905855178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-operating-system","display_name":"Embedded operating system","score":0.44592443108558655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4312496781349182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4291191101074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-software","display_name":"Embedded software","score":0.4243132174015045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-management","display_name":"Memory management","score":0.23840418457984924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10999444127082825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-memory","display_name":"Virtual memory","score":0.10879254341125488}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8009299039840698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.6393471360206604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160191386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868299","display_name":"Control flow","level":2,"score":0.5751411318778992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18131444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163585","display_name":"Memory protection","level":5,"score":0.5626954436302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5598360300064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.5470647215843201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5203582644462585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.512323260307312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4731755554676056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776576444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303569","display_name":"Attack surface","level":2,"score":0.46193256974220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28472234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213666","display_name":"Real-time operating system","level":2,"score":0.44992905855178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35939892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139923","display_name":"Embedded operating system","level":3,"score":0.44592443108558655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4312496781349182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4291191101074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154488198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335007","display_name":"Embedded software","level":3,"score":0.4243132174015045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.23840418457984924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10999444127082825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76399640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189401","display_name":"Virtual memory","level":4,"score":0.10879254341125488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136085584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910289","display_name":"Overlay","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ewdts52692.2021.9581003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ewdts52692.2021.9581003","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W120838261","https://openalex.org/W1495630617","https://openalex.org/W1515653707","https://openalex.org/W1545927878","https://openalex.org/W1592300071","https://openalex.org/W1605277389","https://openalex.org/W1631846088","https://openalex.org/W1655226010","https://openalex.org/W1969501726","https://openalex.org/W1989060313","https://openalex.org/W1996931407","https://openalex.org/W2001978806","https://openalex.org/W2006621394","https://openalex.org/W2015083179","https://openalex.org/W2015293407","https://openalex.org/W2022292029","https://openalex.org/W2074943483","https://openalex.org/W2089448621","https://openalex.org/W2099382052","https://openalex.org/W2109219878","https://openalex.org/W2117798902","https://openalex.org/W2141389113","https://openalex.org/W2153256720","https://openalex.org/W2159059513","https://openalex.org/W2159216827","https://openalex.org/W2162800072","https://openalex.org/W2162986442","https://openalex.org/W2172131317","https://openalex.org/W2295234910","https://openalex.org/W2406423978","https://openalex.org/W2523522678","https://openalex.org/W2579400469","https://openalex.org/W2612418998","https://openalex.org/W2754627801","https://openalex.org/W2785618324","https://openalex.org/W2794591470","https://openalex.org/W2937703543","https://openalex.org/W2978655370","https://openalex.org/W2978757628","https://openalex.org/W2982485227","https://openalex.org/W2996435911","https://openalex.org/W3000462827","https://openalex.org/W3004091898","https://openalex.org/W3092191573","https://openalex.org/W3100311882","https://openalex.org/W4251810237","https://openalex.org/W6635517346","https://openalex.org/W6636040304","https://openalex.org/W6636574085","https://openalex.org/W6636991409","https://openalex.org/W6683671222","https://openalex.org/W6768779726","https://openalex.org/W6768959830","https://openalex.org/W6772060642","https://openalex.org/W6773222381"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2152523476","https://openalex.org/W2140373800","https://openalex.org/W2619396699","https://openalex.org/W657956662","https://openalex.org/W4206644527","https://openalex.org/W2357998974","https://openalex.org/W4210596147","https://openalex.org/W2108363127","https://openalex.org/W2383616948","https://openalex.org/W1969806473"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"pervasive":[1],"presence":[2],"of":[3,10,17,25,78,87,107,147,162,186],"smart":[4],"objects":[5],"in":[6,29,51,81,134,178,184],"almost":[7],"every":[8],"corner":[9],"our":[11],"everyday":[12],"life":[13],"urges":[14],"the":[15,23,30,39,71,82,97,112,123,141,145,148,153,160,173,179],"security":[16],"such":[18,34,46,76],"embedded":[19,31,138,170],"systems":[20,139,168],"to":[21,69,122],"be":[22,70],"point":[24,41],"attention.":[26],"Memory":[27],"vulnerabilities":[28],"program":[32],"code,":[33],"as":[35,47,102],"buffer":[36],"overflow,":[37],"are":[38,90,99,116],"entry":[40],"for":[42,137,169],"powerful":[43],"attack":[44],"paradigms":[45],"Code-Reuse":[48],"Attacks":[49],"(CRAs),":[50],"which":[52],"attackers":[53],"corrupt":[54],"systems\u2019":[55],"execution":[56],"flow":[57,88],"and":[58,80,94,119,130,157,189,192],"maliciously":[59],"alter":[60],"their":[61,131],"behavior.":[62],"Control-Flow":[63],"Integrity":[64],"(CFI)":[65],"has":[66],"been":[67],"proven":[68],"most":[72],"promising":[73],"approach":[74],"against":[75],"kinds":[77],"attacks,":[79],"literature,":[83,180],"a":[84],"wide":[85],"range":[86],"monitors":[89],"proposed,":[91],"both":[92],"hardware-based":[93],"software-based.":[95],"While":[96],"formers":[98],"hardly":[100],"applicable":[101],"they":[103],"impose":[104],"design":[105],"alteration":[106],"underlying":[108],"hardware":[109],"modules,":[110],"on":[111,166],"contrary,":[113],"software":[114],"solutions":[115,174],"more":[117],"flexible":[118],"also":[120],"portable":[121],"existing":[124],"devices.":[125],"Real-Time":[126],"Operating":[127],"Systems":[128],"(RTOS)":[129],"key":[132],"role":[133],"application":[135,146],"development":[136],"is":[140],"main":[142],"concern":[143],"regarding":[144,159],"CFI":[149],"solutions.This":[150],"paper":[151],"discusses":[152],"still":[154],"open":[155],"challenges":[156],"issues":[158],"implementation":[161],"control-flow":[163],"integrity":[164],"policies":[165],"operating":[167],"systems,":[171],"analyzing":[172],"proposed":[175],"so":[176],"far":[177],"highlighting":[181],"possible":[182,194],"limits":[183],"terms":[185],"performance,":[187],"applicability,":[188],"protection":[190],"coverage,":[191],"proposing":[193],"improvement":[195],"directions.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}