{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308097561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/euvip53989.2022.9922769","title":"Opto-UNet: Optimized UNet for Segmentation of Varicose Veins in Optical Coherence Tomography","display_name":"Opto-UNet: Optimized UNet for Segmentation of Varicose Veins in Optical Coherence Tomography","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308097561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/euvip53989.2022.9922769"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/euvip53989.2022.9922769","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/euvip53989.2022.9922769","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 10th European Workshop on Visual Information Processing (EUVIP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.14808","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014243453","display_name":"Maryam Viqar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6730-6520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Viqar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies,Sofia,Bulgaria","Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies,Sofia,Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012715095","display_name":"Violeta Madjarova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7685-063X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Violeta Madjarova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies,Sofia,Bulgaria","Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies,Sofia,Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018232720","display_name":"Vipul Baghel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171210897","display_name":"Aligarh Muslim University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kw9gc02","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171210897"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vipul Baghel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aligarh Muslim University,Department of Electronics Engineering,Aligarh,India","Department of Electronics Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aligarh Muslim University,Department of Electronics Engineering,Aligarh,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171210897"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171210897"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020468809","display_name":"Elena Stoykova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3549-5368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Stoykova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies,Sofia,Bulgaria","Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies,Sofia,Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014243453"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9635,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86462263,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11453","display_name":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Venous Diseases","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11453","display_name":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Venous Diseases","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11330","display_name":"Systemic Sclerosis and Related Diseases","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10285","display_name":"Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2724","display_name":"Internal Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-coherence-tomography","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","score":0.7823368906974792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherence","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","score":0.5149601101875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-tomography","display_name":"Optical tomography","score":0.4753834009170532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47349080443382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/varicose-veins","display_name":"Varicose veins","score":0.4591078758239746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4545144736766815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44291698932647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomography","display_name":"Tomography","score":0.4384036064147949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.42761728167533875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.34168678522109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3075298070907593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.29703187942504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.28132694959640503}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899552","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","level":2,"score":0.7823368906974792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.5149601101875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777413408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1968843","display_name":"Optical tomography","level":3,"score":0.4753834009170532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47349080443382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777475103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201180","display_name":"Varicose veins","level":2,"score":0.4591078758239746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4545144736766815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44291698932647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.4384036064147949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.42761728167533875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.34168678522109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3075298070907593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.29703187942504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.28132694959640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/euvip53989.2022.9922769","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/euvip53989.2022.9922769","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 10th European Workshop on Visual Information Processing (EUVIP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2302.14808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2302.14808","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.14808","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/222526","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/222526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055260","display_name":"Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2302.14808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2302.14808","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.14808","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2200427662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"956770","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5007575368","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BG05M2OP001-1.001-0008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5634946813","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6870533126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7842005466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8722732031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BG05M2OP001-1.001-0008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308097561.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1981465580","https://openalex.org/W1987869189","https://openalex.org/W2030447763","https://openalex.org/W2036054981","https://openalex.org/W2054262184","https://openalex.org/W2068117255","https://openalex.org/W2086295185","https://openalex.org/W2122644916","https://openalex.org/W2188542898","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2320546131","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2579392531","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2971605871","https://openalex.org/W2979798680","https://openalex.org/W2984347201","https://openalex.org/W3006026428","https://openalex.org/W3036782889","https://openalex.org/W3045505799","https://openalex.org/W3133964859","https://openalex.org/W3135518078","https://openalex.org/W3185594618","https://openalex.org/W4214681043","https://openalex.org/W4297678441","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6686881542","https://openalex.org/W6698183232"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2166934110","https://openalex.org/W2028558083","https://openalex.org/W3200823469","https://openalex.org/W2802586102","https://openalex.org/W2066831819","https://openalex.org/W2083453785","https://openalex.org/W2970707651","https://openalex.org/W2001904169","https://openalex.org/W2060139265","https://openalex.org/W2089574289"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"veins":[1,20],"are":[2],"important":[3],"for":[4,88,157],"carrying":[5],"the":[6,9,12,18,54,60,64,72,79,90,107,124,132,142,162,169,172,176,209,215],"blood":[7,37,48],"from":[8,23],"body-parts":[10],"to":[11,51,70,100,122,149],"heart.":[13],"The":[14,180],"improper":[15],"functioning":[16],"of":[17,36,56,63,78,103,118,171,178,184,187,191,197],"human":[19],"may":[21],"arise":[22],"several":[24],"venous":[25,44,91,125],"diseases.":[26],"Varicose":[27],"vein":[28,109,211],"is":[29,68,98,110,120,129,139,204],"one":[30],"such":[31],"disease":[32],"wherein":[33,135],"back":[34],"flow":[35,49],"can":[38],"occur,":[39],"often":[40],"resulting":[41],"in":[42,53,113,207],"increased":[43],"pressure":[45],"or":[46],"restricted":[47],"due":[50],"changes":[52],"structure":[55],"vein.":[57,80,105],"To":[58],"examine":[59],"functional":[61],"characteristics":[62],"varicose":[65,104,210],"vein,":[66],"it":[67],"crucial":[69],"study":[71],"physical":[73],"and":[74,146,153,189],"bio":[75],"mechanical":[76],"properties":[77],"This":[81],"work":[82],"proposes":[83],"a":[84,136],"segmentation":[85,119,216],"model":[86,128,181,203],"Opto-UNet,":[87],"segmenting":[89,208],"wall":[92,212],"structure.":[93],"Optical":[94],"Coherence":[95],"Tomography":[96],"system":[97],"used":[99],"acquire":[101],"images":[102],"As":[106],"extracted":[108],"not":[111],"uniform":[112],"shape,":[114],"hence":[115],"adequate":[116,206],"method":[117],"required":[121],"segment":[123],"wall.":[126],"Opto-UNet":[127],"based":[130],"on":[131],"U-Net":[133],"architecture":[134],"new":[137],"block":[138],"integrated":[140],"into":[141],"architecture,":[143],"employing":[144],"atrous":[145],"separable":[147,154,165],"convolution":[148,166],"extract":[150],"spatially":[151],"wide-range":[152],"features":[155],"maps":[156],"attaining":[158],"advanced":[159],"performance.":[160],"Furthermore,":[161],"depth":[163],"wise":[164],"significantly":[167],"reduces":[168],"complexity":[170],"network":[173],"by":[174],"optimizing":[175],"number":[177,196],"parameters.":[179,198],"achieves":[182],"accuracy":[183],"0.9830,":[185],"sensitivity":[186],"0.8425":[188],"specificity":[190],"0.9980":[192],"using":[193],"8.54":[194],"million":[195],"These":[199],"results":[200],"indicate":[201],"that":[202],"highly":[205],"without":[213],"deteriorating":[214],"quality":[217],"along":[218],"with":[219],"reduced":[220],"complexity.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T13:55:54.758798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}