{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402158746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eurospw61312.2024.00036","title":"A Tale of Two Methods: Unveiling the Limitations of GAN and the Rise of Bayesian Networks for Synthetic Network Traffic Generation","display_name":"A Tale of Two Methods: Unveiling the Limitations of GAN and the Rise of Bayesian Networks for Synthetic Network Traffic Generation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402158746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eurospw61312.2024.00036"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/eurospw61312.2024.00036","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eurospw61312.2024.00036","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04871298/document","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057480094","display_name":"Adrien Schoen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9347-2889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56067802","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Rennes","ror":"https://ror.org/015m7wh34","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adrien Schoen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inria, Univ. Rennes, IRISA,Rennes,France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria, Univ. Rennes, IRISA,Rennes,France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043016218","display_name":"Gr\u00e9gory Blanc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8150-6617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145102","display_name":"Institut Polytechnique de Paris","ror":"https://ror.org/042tfbd02","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory Blanc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samovar, Télécom SudParis, IP Paris,Palaiseau,France","IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris (Route de Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau Cedex, France - France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samovar, Télécom SudParis, IP Paris,Palaiseau,France","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris (Route de Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau Cedex, France - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083520169","display_name":"Pierre-Fran\u00e7ois Gimenez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-4423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56067802","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Rennes","ror":"https://ror.org/015m7wh34","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierre-Fran\u00e7ois Gimenez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centralesupélec, Univ. Rennes, IRISA,Rennes,France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centralesupélec, Univ. Rennes, IRISA,Rennes,France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071053999","display_name":"Yufei Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3492-328X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56067802","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Rennes","ror":"https://ror.org/015m7wh34","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufei Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inria, Univ. Rennes, IRISA,Rennes,France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria, Univ. Rennes, IRISA,Rennes,France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104651631","display_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Majorczyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9558-397X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56067802","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Rennes","ror":"https://ror.org/015m7wh34","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Majorczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["DGA-MI, Univ. Rennes, IRISA,Rennes,France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DGA-MI, Univ. Rennes, IRISA,Rennes,France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113507934","display_name":"Ludovic M\u00e9","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56067802","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Rennes","ror":"https://ror.org/015m7wh34","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ludovic Me","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inria, Univ. Rennes, IRISA,Rennes,France","Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Domaine de Voluceau\r\nRocquencourt - BP 105\r\n78153 Le Chesnay Cedex - France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria, Univ. Rennes, IRISA,Rennes,France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Domaine de Voluceau\r\nRocquencourt - BP 105\r\n78153 Le Chesnay Cedex - France)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057480094"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I56067802"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8278,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86365668,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"273","last_page":"286"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6619921922683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-network","display_name":"Bayesian network","score":0.5556017160415649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.4861728549003601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/next-generation-network","display_name":"Next-generation network","score":0.43241140246391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.38122183084487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32729214429855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.12393760681152344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6619921922683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33724603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812540","display_name":"Bayesian network","level":2,"score":0.5556017160415649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.4861728549003601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110994511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q661020","display_name":"Next-generation network","level":3,"score":0.43241140246391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.38122183084487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32729214429855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.12393760681152344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/eurospw61312.2024.00036","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eurospw61312.2024.00036","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04871298v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04871298v1/document","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04871298/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922461","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW), Jul 2024, Vienna, Austria. pp.273-286, ⟨10.1109/EuroSPW61312.2024.00036⟩","raw_type":"Conference papers"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04871298v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04871298v1/document","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04871298/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922461","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW), Jul 2024, Vienna, Austria. pp.273-286, ⟨10.1109/EuroSPW61312.2024.00036⟩","raw_type":"Conference papers"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313934","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique (INRIA)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322892","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402158746.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402158746.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1615454278","https://openalex.org/W2021698503","https://openalex.org/W2090979553","https://openalex.org/W2127498532","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2565167788","https://openalex.org/W2770942607","https://openalex.org/W2789828921","https://openalex.org/W2806276686","https://openalex.org/W2889836475","https://openalex.org/W2897256107","https://openalex.org/W2955240225","https://openalex.org/W2981116510","https://openalex.org/W2995006815","https://openalex.org/W3008482244","https://openalex.org/W3015304056","https://openalex.org/W3022574011","https://openalex.org/W3043486047","https://openalex.org/W3045858585","https://openalex.org/W3088157974","https://openalex.org/W3094402648","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3113843773","https://openalex.org/W3119524937","https://openalex.org/W3123788679","https://openalex.org/W3123788974","https://openalex.org/W3154066422","https://openalex.org/W3199209662","https://openalex.org/W3201886739","https://openalex.org/W3202428668","https://openalex.org/W3204937802","https://openalex.org/W3212815918","https://openalex.org/W3216660278","https://openalex.org/W3217726181","https://openalex.org/W4205206005","https://openalex.org/W4206256378","https://openalex.org/W4224322255","https://openalex.org/W4242458762","https://openalex.org/W4281383365","https://openalex.org/W4288296172","https://openalex.org/W4289792797","https://openalex.org/W4290991003","https://openalex.org/W4293057307","https://openalex.org/W4361204367","https://openalex.org/W4376616081","https://openalex.org/W6735926176","https://openalex.org/W6741832134","https://openalex.org/W6746090280","https://openalex.org/W6774125049","https://openalex.org/W6790840731","https://openalex.org/W6838315887"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2123306152","https://openalex.org/W2089335885","https://openalex.org/W2059702716","https://openalex.org/W2333180331","https://openalex.org/W2129732123","https://openalex.org/W3119138356","https://openalex.org/W2141719131","https://openalex.org/W2099235316","https://openalex.org/W2121542430","https://openalex.org/W2972991241"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"evaluation":[1,150],"of":[2,11,17,36,76,89,110,116,125],"network":[3,13,32,119,153],"intrusion":[4],"detection":[5],"systems":[6],"requires":[7],"a":[8,107,135],"sufficient":[9],"amount":[10],"mixed":[12],"traffic,":[14],"i.e.,":[15],"composed":[16],"both":[18],"malicious":[19,65],"and":[20,59,137,169,174],"legitimate":[21,27,118],"flows.":[22],"In":[23,47,161],"particular,":[24],"obtaining":[25],"realistic":[26,168],"traffic":[28,33,58,66,154,173],"is":[29,34],"hard.":[30],"Synthetic":[31],"one":[35],"the":[37,103,114,123,157,176],"tools":[38],"to":[39,41,147],"respond":[40],"insufficient":[42],"or":[43],"incomplete":[44],"real-world":[45],"datasets.":[46],"this":[48,69],"paper,":[49],"we":[50,60,128],"only":[51],"focus":[52],"on":[53],"synthetically":[54],"generating":[55],"high-quality":[56],"legit-imate":[57],"do":[61],"not":[62],"delve":[63],"into":[64],"generation.":[67],"For":[68],"specific":[70],"task,":[71],"recent":[72],"contributions":[73],"make":[74],"use":[75],"advanced":[77,131],"machine":[78],"learning-driven":[79],"approaches,":[80],"notably":[81],"through":[82],"Generative":[83],"Adversarial":[84],"Networks":[85,144],"(GANs).":[86],"However,":[87],"evaluations":[88],"GAN-generated":[90],"data":[91],"often":[92],"disregards":[93],"pivotal":[94],"attributes,":[95],"such":[96],"as":[97],"protocol":[98],"adherence.":[99],"Our":[100],"study":[101],"addresses":[102],"gap":[104],"by":[105],"proposing":[106],"comprehensive":[108],"set":[109],"metrics":[111],"that":[112],"assess":[113],"quality":[115],"synthetic":[117,171],"traffic.":[120],"To":[121],"illustrate":[122],"value":[124],"these":[126],"metrics,":[127,151],"empirically":[129],"compare":[130],"network-oriented":[132],"GANs":[133],"with":[134],"simple":[136],"yet":[138],"effective":[139],"probabilistic":[140],"generative":[141],"model,":[142],"Bayesian":[143],"(BN).":[145],"According":[146],"our":[148,162],"proposed":[149],"BN-based":[152],"generation":[155],"outperforms":[156],"state-of-the-art":[158],"GAN-based":[159],"opponents.":[160],"study,":[163],"BN":[164],"yields":[165],"sub-stantially":[166],"more":[167],"useful":[170],"benign":[172],"minimizes":[175],"computational":[177],"costs":[178],"simultaneously.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}