{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415090452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eurosp68448.2026.00087","title":"The Coding Limits of Robust Watermarking for Generative Models","display_name":"The Coding Limits of Robust Watermarking for Generative Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415090452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eurosp68448.2026.00087"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/eurosp68448.2026.00087","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eurosp68448.2026.00087","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE 11th European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.10577","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083346312","display_name":"Danilo Francati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4639-0636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danilo Francati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119959705","display_name":"Yevin Nikhel Goonatilake","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yevin Nikhel Goonatilake","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056170993","display_name":"Shubham Pawar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160447","display_name":"Universidad de Londres","ror":"https://ror.org/054v4yq51","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160447"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shubham Vivek Pawar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160447"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028263902","display_name":"Daniele Venturi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2379-8564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniele Venturi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003125236","display_name":"Giuseppe Ateniese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0848-878X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Ateniese","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00955787,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1343","last_page":"1356"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9340999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9276000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8033999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.6391000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-number-generator","display_name":"Pseudorandom number generator","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.517300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soundness","display_name":"Soundness","score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.478300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-primitive","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-word","display_name":"Code word","score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plaintext","display_name":"Plaintext","score":0.40119999647140503}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8033999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.6391000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140642157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1623338","display_name":"Pseudorandom number generator","level":2,"score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.517300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5076000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693083","display_name":"Soundness","level":2,"score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4821000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.478300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.45590001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153207627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863873","display_name":"Code word","level":3,"score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92717368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162538","display_name":"Plaintext","level":3,"score":0.40119999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176181172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3490301","display_name":"Nondeterministic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93974786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589480","display_name":"Ciphertext","level":3,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780581891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15738686","display_name":"Copy protection","level":4,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165021410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55564","display_name":"Lossy compression","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3087436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1386603","display_name":"Secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178774983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q734896","display_name":"Pseudorandom function family","level":3,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162838799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596077","display_name":"Counterexample","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/eurosp68448.2026.00087","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eurosp68448.2026.00087","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE 11th European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.10577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.10577","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.10577","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.10577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.10577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.10577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.10577","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.10577","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,176,201,226],"study":[1],"a":[2,14,33,40,46,51,56,75,96,114,130,229],"basic":[3],"question":[4],"about":[5,237],"cryptographic":[6,161],"watermarking":[7,216],"for":[8,195,217],"generative":[9],"models:":[10],"how":[11],"reliable":[12],"can":[13,139,146,163],"watermark":[15,162,254],"remain":[16,164],"when":[17],"an":[18,107,144],"adversary":[19,145],"is":[20,45,113,182],"allowed":[21],"to":[22,102,128],"corrupt":[23],"the":[24,70,80,157,171,214,240,250,253,257],"encoded":[25,172],"signal?":[26],"To":[27],"address":[28],"this":[29,92,150,180,206],"question,":[30],"we":[31,38,94],"introduce":[32],"minimal":[34],"coding":[35],"abstraction":[36,93],"that":[37,49,121,179,189,228],"call":[39],"zero-bit":[41],"tamper-detection":[42],"code.":[43],"This":[44],"secret-key":[47],"procedure":[48],"samples":[50],"pseudorandom":[52],"codeword":[53],"and,":[54],"given":[55],"candidate":[57],"word,":[58],"decides":[59],"whether":[60,205],"it":[61],"should":[62],"be":[63],"treated":[64],"as":[65,69],"unmarked":[66],"content":[67],"or":[68],"result":[71],"of":[72,84,109,118,152,170,219,239],"tampering":[73,142],"with":[74,124],"valid":[76],"codeword.":[77],"It":[78],"captures":[79],"two":[81],"core":[82],"requirements":[83],"robust":[85,165],"watermarking:":[86],"soundness":[87,191],"and":[88,192,222,232,243],"tamper":[89,193],"detection.":[90],"Within":[91],"prove":[95],"sharp":[97],"unconditional":[98],"limit":[99,207],"on":[100,136],"robustness":[101],"independent":[103],"symbol":[104],"corruption.":[105],"For":[106],"alphabet":[108],"size":[110],"$q$,":[111],"there":[112],"critical":[115],"corruption":[116,199],"rate":[117],"$1-1/q$":[119],"such":[120],"no":[122,160],"scheme":[123],"soundness,":[125],"even":[126],"relaxed":[127],"allow":[129],"fixed":[131],"constant":[132],"false":[133],"positive":[134],"probability":[135],"random":[137],"content,":[138],"reliably":[140,235],"detect":[141],"once":[143],"change":[147],"more":[148,167],"than":[149,168],"fraction":[151],"symbols.":[153],"In":[154],"particular,":[155],"in":[156,209],"binary":[158],"case":[159],"if":[166],"half":[169,238],"bits":[173],"are":[174],"modified.":[175],"also":[177],"show":[178,227],"threshold":[181],"tight":[183],"by":[184,211],"giving":[185],"simple":[186,230],"information-theoretic":[187],"constructions":[188],"achieve":[190],"detection":[194],"all":[196],"strictly":[197],"smaller":[198],"rates.":[200],"then":[202],"test":[203],"experimentally":[204],"appears":[208],"practice":[210],"looking":[212],"at":[213],"recent":[215],"images":[218],"Gunn,":[220],"Zhao,":[221],"Song":[223],"(ICLR":[224],"2025).":[225],"crop":[231],"resize":[233],"operation":[234],"flipped":[236],"latent":[241],"signs":[242],"consistently":[244],"prevented":[245],"belief-propagation":[246],"decoding":[247],"from":[248],"recovering":[249],"codeword,":[251],"erasing":[252],"while":[255],"leaving":[256],"image":[258],"visually":[259],"intact.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2025-10-12T00:00:00"}