{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2980666726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/etfa.2019.8869212","title":"Reinforcement Learning for Grinding Circuit Control in Mineral Processing","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning for Grinding Circuit Control in Mineral Processing","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2980666726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/etfa.2019.8869212","mag":"2980666726"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/etfa.2019.8869212","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/etfa.2019.8869212","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 24th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056562984","display_name":"Mattias Hall\u00e9n","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086503","display_name":"ABB (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/0033n4009","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086503","https://openalex.org/I885143765"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mattias Hallen","raw_affiliation_strings":["ABB Corporate Research, V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ABB Corporate Research, V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086503"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000509708","display_name":"Max \u00c5strand","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086503","display_name":"ABB (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/0033n4009","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086503","https://openalex.org/I885143765"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max Astrand","raw_affiliation_strings":["ABB Corporate Research, V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ABB Corporate Research, V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086503"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044561923","display_name":"Johannes Sikstrom","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112306","display_name":"Boliden (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/01wen3r86","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112306"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Sikstrom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boliden Mines, Boliden, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boliden Mines, Boliden, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112306"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011300669","display_name":"Martin Servin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0787-4988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90267481","display_name":"Ume\u00e5 University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kb8h459","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Servin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056562984"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086503"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12770695,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"abs 1509 2971","issue":null,"first_page":"488","last_page":"495"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12794","display_name":"Adaptive Dynamic Programming Control","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8298013210296631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grinding","display_name":"Grinding","score":0.7799856662750244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.7129113078117371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.592526376247406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.5185702443122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-control","display_name":"Process control","score":0.44551515579223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mineral-processing","display_name":"Mineral processing","score":0.43842190504074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.34960711002349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.33333536982536316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33136671781539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.31884896755218506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-control","display_name":"Temperature control","score":0.1711997091770172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.13095730543136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.11034244298934937}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8298013210296631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777571299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3680646","display_name":"Grinding","level":2,"score":0.7799856662750244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.7129113078117371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.592526376247406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.5185702443122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155386361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1649571","display_name":"Process control","level":3,"score":0.44551515579223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25115569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995444","display_name":"Mineral processing","level":2,"score":0.43842190504074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.34960711002349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33333536982536316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33136671781539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.31884896755218506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.1711997091770172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13095730543136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.11034244298934937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/etfa.2019.8869212","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/etfa.2019.8869212","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 24th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1757796397","https://openalex.org/W1975340996","https://openalex.org/W2003868424","https://openalex.org/W2030847981","https://openalex.org/W2114868233","https://openalex.org/W2131600418","https://openalex.org/W2173248099","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2283952362","https://openalex.org/W2546225502","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2738109916","https://openalex.org/W2787259794","https://openalex.org/W2897661175","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2990747716","https://openalex.org/W3037207827","https://openalex.org/W3198350258","https://openalex.org/W4298857966","https://openalex.org/W6637967152","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6728922482","https://openalex.org/W6756064683"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2084856301","https://openalex.org/W2127970246","https://openalex.org/W2885125400","https://openalex.org/W1482561480","https://openalex.org/W3212266838","https://openalex.org/W1494581972","https://openalex.org/W1583368248","https://openalex.org/W3174007382","https://openalex.org/W2052124640"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Grinding,":[0],"i.e.":[1],"reducing":[2],"the":[3,11,14,32,39,45,50,62,85,129,141,145,172,178],"particle":[4,47],"size":[5,48],"of":[6,13,31,41,49,64,103],"mined":[7],"ore,":[8,42],"is":[9,35,125,147,174],"often":[10],"bottleneck":[12],"mining":[15],"concentrating":[16],"process.":[17],"Thus,":[18],"even":[19],"small":[20],"improvements":[21],"may":[22],"lead":[23],"to":[24,37,127,149,176,183],"large":[25],"increases":[26],"in":[27],"profit.":[28],"The":[29,120],"goal":[30],"grinding":[33,67,116,130],"circuit":[34,68,117,131],"two-sided;":[36],"maximize":[38,150],"throughput":[40],"and":[43,101],"minimize":[44],"resulting":[46],"ground":[51],"ore":[52],"within":[53],"some":[54,169],"acceptable":[55],"range.":[56],"In":[57,135,168],"this":[58,73],"work":[59],"we":[60,75],"study":[61],"control":[63,128,153,177],"a":[65,77,106,114,160],"two-stage":[66],"using":[69,132],"reinforcement":[70,86,133,138],"learning.":[71,134],"To":[72],"end,":[74],"present":[76],"solution":[78],"for":[79],"integrating":[80],"industrial":[81,166],"simulation":[82,118],"models":[83],"into":[84],"learning":[87,139],"framework":[88],"OpenAI":[89],"Gym.We":[90],"compare":[91],"an":[92,151],"existing":[93,142,184],"PID":[94,143],"controller,":[95],"based":[96],"on":[97,113],"vast":[98],"domain":[99],"knowledge":[100],"years":[102],"hand-tuning,":[104],"with":[105],"black-box":[107],"algorithm":[108,146,173],"called":[109],"Proximal":[110],"Policy":[111],"Optimization":[112],"calibrated":[115],"model.":[119],"comparison":[121],"show":[122],"that":[123],"it":[124],"possible":[126],"addition,":[136],"contrasting":[137],"from":[140],"control,":[144],"able":[148,175],"abstract":[152],"goal:":[154],"maximizing":[155],"profit":[156,161],"as":[157],"defined":[158],"by":[159,164],"function":[162],"given":[163],"our":[165],"collaborator.":[167],"operating":[170],"cases":[171],"plant":[179],"more":[180],"efficiently":[181],"compared":[182],"control.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}