{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2058864919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/essderc.2015.7324737","title":"Charge transfer speed analysis in pinned photodiode CMOS image sensors based on a pulsed storage-gate method","display_name":"Charge transfer speed analysis in pinned photodiode CMOS image sensors based on a pulsed storage-gate method","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2058864919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/essderc.2015.7324737","mag":"2058864919"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/essderc.2015.7324737","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/essderc.2015.7324737","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 45th European Solid State Device Research Conference (ESSDERC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063189447","display_name":"Alice Pelamatti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17866349","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Toulouse Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/004raaa70","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17866349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193033237","display_name":"Institut Superieur de l'Aeronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO)","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyj6s21","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193033237"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alice Pelamatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, Image Sensor Research Team, Toulouse, France","Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, Image Sensor Research Team, Toulouse 31055, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, Image Sensor Research Team, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193033237","https://openalex.org/I17866349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, Image Sensor Research Team, Toulouse 31055, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193033237","https://openalex.org/I17866349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030783510","display_name":"Vincent Goiffon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5024-0115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17866349","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Toulouse Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/004raaa70","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17866349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193033237","display_name":"Institut Superieur de l'Aeronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO)","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyj6s21","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193033237"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent Goiffon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, Image Sensor Research Team, Toulouse, France","Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, Image Sensor Research Team, Toulouse 31055, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, Image Sensor Research Team, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193033237","https://openalex.org/I17866349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, Image Sensor Research Team, Toulouse 31055, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193033237","https://openalex.org/I17866349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083119012","display_name":"Aziouz Chabane","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17866349","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Toulouse Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/004raaa70","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17866349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193033237","display_name":"Institut Superieur de l'Aeronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO)","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyj6s21","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193033237"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aziouz Chabane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, Image Sensor Research Team, Toulouse, France","Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, Image Sensor Research Team, Toulouse 31055, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, Image Sensor Research Team, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193033237","https://openalex.org/I17866349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, Image Sensor Research Team, Toulouse 31055, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193033237","https://openalex.org/I17866349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038245880","display_name":"Pierre Magnan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3122-7163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17866349","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Toulouse Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/004raaa70","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17866349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193033237","display_name":"Institut Superieur de l'Aeronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO)","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyj6s21","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193033237"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierre Magnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, Image Sensor Research Team, Toulouse, France","Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, Image Sensor Research Team, Toulouse 31055, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, Image Sensor Research Team, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193033237","https://openalex.org/I17866349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, Image Sensor Research Team, Toulouse 31055, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193033237","https://openalex.org/I17866349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066205375","display_name":"C\u00e9dric Virmontois","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9348-1565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799535048","display_name":"Centre National d'\u00c9tudes Spatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/04h1h0y33","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cedric Virmontois","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Toulouse, France","Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Toulouse 31400, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Toulouse 31400, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041255702","display_name":"Olivier Saint-P\u00e9","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112991645","display_name":"Airbus (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/023qdcg29","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112991645","https://openalex.org/I4210121748"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799535048","display_name":"Centre National d'\u00c9tudes Spatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/04h1h0y33","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olivier Saint-Pe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Toulouse, France","Airbus Defence and Space, Toulouse 31030, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Airbus Defence and Space, Toulouse 31030, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112991645"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011162796","display_name":"Michel Br\u00e9art de Boisanger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112991645","display_name":"Airbus (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/023qdcg29","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112991645","https://openalex.org/I4210121748"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799535048","display_name":"Centre National d'\u00c9tudes Spatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/04h1h0y33","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michel Breart de Boisanger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Toulouse, France","Airbus Defence and Space, Toulouse 31030, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Airbus Defence and Space, Toulouse 31030, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112991645"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6025,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72744267,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"156","last_page":"159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodiode","display_name":"Photodiode","score":0.8342087268829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.6107547879219055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5723183155059814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5437257885932922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.4911651313304901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","score":0.4318179488182068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.39386487007141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.29755425453186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.28857046365737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19164526462554932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1814137101173401}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C751236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175943","display_name":"Photodiode","level":2,"score":0.8342087268829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.6107547879219055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5723183155059814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5437257885932922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.4911651313304901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4318179488182068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.39386487007141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.29755425453186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28857046365737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19164526462554932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1814137101173401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/essderc.2015.7324737","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/essderc.2015.7324737","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 45th European Solid State Device Research Conference (ESSDERC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491885026","https://openalex.org/W1989001910","https://openalex.org/W1991512196","https://openalex.org/W2031396234","https://openalex.org/W2052827816","https://openalex.org/W2057171916","https://openalex.org/W2059209174","https://openalex.org/W2060765593","https://openalex.org/W2070094114","https://openalex.org/W2093301245","https://openalex.org/W2094866517","https://openalex.org/W2103136129","https://openalex.org/W2114926357","https://openalex.org/W2132347110","https://openalex.org/W2136143734","https://openalex.org/W2145181234","https://openalex.org/W4245910123","https://openalex.org/W6658544603","https://openalex.org/W6666058552","https://openalex.org/W6939726687"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205109008","https://openalex.org/W2022123780","https://openalex.org/W2349576212","https://openalex.org/W1983441360","https://openalex.org/W1979129154","https://openalex.org/W1981776476","https://openalex.org/W2331008491","https://openalex.org/W2352535872","https://openalex.org/W2553467462","https://openalex.org/W2125775971"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Driven":[0],"by":[1,194,251,259],"low":[2],"noise":[3],"applications,":[4,157,216,221],"Pinned":[5],"Photodiode":[6],"(PPD)":[7],"[1]-[3]":[8],"CMOS":[9],"Image":[10],"Sensors":[11],"(CIS)":[12],"have":[13],"recently":[14],"become":[15],"the":[16,39,49,52,61,66,69,73,83,97,112,115,144,148,178,190,196,201,205,238,257,261,269,280,305,314,319,327,339],"main":[17,179],"image":[18],"sensors":[19],"technology":[20],"for":[21,154,215,233,291],"both":[22],"commercial":[23],"and":[24],"scientific":[25],"applications.":[26],"The":[27,101,135,208],"PPD":[28,67,85,113,258,262,315],"(schematized":[29],"in":[30,34,124,143,182,256],"Fig.":[31],"1a)":[32],"consists":[33],"a":[35,253,283,297],"buried":[36,121],"photodiode,":[37],"where":[38],"surface":[40,50],"p+":[41],"implant,":[42],"also":[43,81],"referred":[44,88],"to":[45,89,96,114,119,147,188,204,318,333],"as":[46,90,159,218,304],"pinning-implant,":[47],"pins":[48],"at":[51,72],"substrate":[53],"potential.":[54],"This":[55],"peculiar":[56],"structure":[57],"not":[58,288],"only":[59,127,296],"reduces":[60],"dark":[62],"current":[63],"(by":[64],"isolating":[65],"from":[68,111,200],"charges":[70],"generated":[71,312],"SiO":[74],"<sub":[75],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[76],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sub>":[77],"-Si":[78],"interface),":[79],"but":[80],"limits":[82],"maximum":[84,306],"potential,":[86],"often":[87,272,325],"pinning":[91,320],"voltage":[92,321],"[4],":[93],"which":[94,166,222,309,323],"corresponds":[95],"full":[98],"depletion":[99],"condition.":[100],"presence":[102],"of":[103,137,150,161,171,174,177,226,229,282,326,329],"this":[104],"\u201cpotential":[105],"floor\u201d":[106],"enables":[107],"true":[108],"charge":[109,128,197,248,336],"transfer":[110,198,209,249,337],"collection":[116,206],"node":[117],"(or":[118],"another":[120],"channel),":[122],"whereas":[123],"standard":[125],"photodiodes":[126],"sharing":[129],"between":[130],"two":[131],"capacitances":[132],"is":[133,187,316,324],"possible.":[134],"combination":[136],"these":[138],"unique":[139],"features":[140],"has":[141,243],"led":[142],"last":[145,239],"decade":[146,240],"development":[149],"several":[151,227],"PPD-based":[152,183],"detectors":[153,186],"high":[155,168,184],"speed":[156,169,185,199,210,250],"such":[158,217],"Time":[160],"Flight":[162],"(ToF)":[163],"applications":[164],"[5]-[8],":[165],"require":[167,223,279],"readout":[170],"small":[172,298],"packets":[173],"photo-charges.":[175],"One":[176],"challenges":[180],"involved":[181],"reach":[189],"best":[191],"temporal":[192],"resolution":[193],"maximizing":[195],"photo-generation":[202],"site":[203],"node.":[207],"becomes":[211],"even":[212],"more":[213],"critical":[214],"space":[219],"imaging":[220],"pixel":[224,293],"pitches":[225,294],"tens":[228],"\u03bcm":[230],"(for":[231],"example":[232],"optics-related":[234],"constraints":[235],"[9]).":[236],"In":[237],"much":[241],"effort":[242],"been":[244],"put":[245],"into":[246],"improving":[247],"introducing":[252],"drift":[254,299],"field":[255,300],"modulating":[260],"local":[263],"potential":[264,307],"[5],":[265],"[7],":[266],"[10]-[13].":[267],"However":[268],"existing":[270],"solutions":[271],"involve":[273],"design":[274],"and/or":[275],"geometrical":[276],"constraints,":[277],"can":[278,301,310],"use":[281],"custom":[284],"technology,":[285],"or":[286,331],"might":[287],"be":[289,302,311],"implementable":[290],"large":[292],"(where":[295],"induced,":[303],"variation":[308],"within":[313],"equal":[317],"[14],":[322],"order":[328],"1V,":[330],"lower,":[332],"ensure":[334],"optimum":[335],"toward":[338],"floating":[340],"diffusion":[341],"(FD)).":[342]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}