{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308089786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esscirc55480.2022.9911382","title":"All-Digital Time-Domain Compute-in-Memory Engine for Binary Neural Networks With 1.05 POPS/W Energy Efficiency","display_name":"All-Digital Time-Domain Compute-in-Memory Engine for Binary Neural Networks With 1.05 POPS/W Energy Efficiency","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308089786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esscirc55480.2022.9911382"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/esscirc55480.2022.9911382","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esscirc55480.2022.9911382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608323","display_name":"ESSCIRC 2022- IEEE 48th European Solid State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ESSCIRC 2022- IEEE 48th European Solid State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043984277","display_name":"Jie Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0380-8585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University,Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design,Germany","Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University,Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024548698","display_name":"Christian Lanius","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7107-3782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Lanius","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University,Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design,Germany","Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University,Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029479465","display_name":"Florian Freye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3025-8910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Freye","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University,Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design,Germany","Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University,Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056924300","display_name":"Tim Stadtmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7452-8245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Stadtmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University,Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design,Germany","Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University,Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023628905","display_name":"Tobias Gemmeke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1583-3411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Gemmeke","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University,Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design,Germany","Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University,Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043984277"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0619,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98122939,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"149","last_page":"152"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.7483223080635071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7475695610046387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5730949640274048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5620128512382507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5542089343070984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5022401809692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4783308506011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4666072726249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4630366265773773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.4539702534675598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.45343083143234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.43391984701156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounded-function","display_name":"Bounded function","score":0.43223002552986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.429465115070343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4090232253074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3576185703277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3458952307701111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2934723198413849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17749780416488647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0981166660785675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09357073903083801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.0915343165397644}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.7483223080635071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7475695610046387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5730949640274048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5620128512382507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5542089343070984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5022401809692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4783308506011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4666072726249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4630366265773773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.4539702534675598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.45343083143234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.43391984701156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.43223002552986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.429465115070343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4090232253074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3576185703277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3458952307701111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2934723198413849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17749780416488647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0981166660785675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09357073903083801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0915343165397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/esscirc55480.2022.9911382","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esscirc55480.2022.9911382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608323","display_name":"ESSCIRC 2022- IEEE 48th European Solid State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ESSCIRC 2022- IEEE 48th European Solid State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:856897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/856897","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401033","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ESSCIRC 2022 - IEEE 48th European Solid State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC) : on line proceedings / co-organizer: Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca ; financial sponsorship: IEEE, SSCS<br/>48. European Solid State Circuits Conference, ESSCIRC 2022, Milan, Italy, 2022-09-19 - 2022-09-22","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2725092576","https://openalex.org/W2790511620","https://openalex.org/W2897269782","https://openalex.org/W2963221280","https://openalex.org/W2966285227","https://openalex.org/W3131543421","https://openalex.org/W3135906938","https://openalex.org/W3170773788","https://openalex.org/W3185026020","https://openalex.org/W4220958508"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2950475743","https://openalex.org/W4386603768","https://openalex.org/W2886711096","https://openalex.org/W4380078352","https://openalex.org/W3046591097","https://openalex.org/W2590796488","https://openalex.org/W2734358244","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2809732489","https://openalex.org/W3088091256"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,102],"all-digital":[4],"time-domain":[5],"compute-in-memory":[6],"(TDCIM)":[7],"engine":[8,27,99],"for":[9],"binary":[10],"neural":[11],"networks":[12],"(BNNs),":[13],"which":[14],"is":[15,44,82],"based":[16],"on":[17,119],"commercial":[18],"standard":[19],"cells":[20],"facilitating":[21],"technology":[22],"mapping.":[23],"The":[24,74],"proposed":[25,97],"TDCIM":[26],"exploits":[28],"energy-efficient":[29],"computing":[30],"principles,":[31],"supports":[32],"data":[33],"reuse":[34],"and":[35,61,67],"employs":[36],"double-edge":[37],"triggered":[38],"operation.":[39],"Time":[40],"domain":[41],"wave-pipelining":[42],"technique":[43],"also":[45],"introduced":[46],"to":[47,70,85],"improve":[48],"throughput":[49],"by":[50],"1.5x":[51],"while":[52],"preserving":[53],"accuracy.":[54],"We":[55],"use":[56],"Structured":[57],"Data-Path":[58],"(SDP)":[59],"placement":[60],"custom":[62],"routing":[63],"flow":[64],"during":[65],"place":[66],"route":[68],"(P&R)":[69],"reduce":[71],"systematic":[72],"variations.":[73,90],"measured":[75],"arrival":[76],"time":[77],"of":[78,105,113,117],"different":[79],"MAC":[80],"results":[81],"sufficiently":[83],"bounded":[84],"preserve":[86],"accuracy":[87,112],"across":[88],"PVT":[89],"Fabricated":[91],"in":[92],"a":[93],"22nm":[94],"process,":[95],"the":[96,111,114,120],"BNN":[98],"can":[100],"achieve":[101],"energy":[103],"efficiency":[104],"1.05":[106],"POPS/W":[107],"at":[108],"0.5V":[109],"matching":[110],"PyTorch":[115],"baseline":[116],"99.14%":[118],"MNIST":[121],"dataset.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-24T08:33:08.758527","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}