{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013907867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esscirc.2009.5325991","title":"Pulsed time-of-flight 3D-CMOS imaging using photogate-based active pixel sensors","display_name":"Pulsed time-of-flight 3D-CMOS imaging using photogate-based active pixel sensors","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013907867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esscirc.2009.5325991","mag":"2013907867"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/esscirc.2009.5325991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esscirc.2009.5325991","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 Proceedings of ESSCIRC","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019297844","display_name":"Andreas Spickermann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100127","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01243c877","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100127","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/05hkkdn48","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Spickermann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems (IMS), Duisburg, Germany","[Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems IMS, Duisburg, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems (IMS), Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems IMS, Duisburg, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088135979","display_name":"Daniel Durini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5979-1391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100127","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01243c877","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100127","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/05hkkdn48","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Durini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems (IMS), Duisburg, Germany","[Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems IMS, Duisburg, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems (IMS), Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems IMS, Duisburg, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015032693","display_name":"Stefan Brocker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100127","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01243c877","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100127","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/05hkkdn48","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Brocker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems (IMS), Duisburg, Germany","[Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems IMS, Duisburg, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems (IMS), Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems IMS, Duisburg, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008175199","display_name":"W. Brockherde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1952-5646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100127","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01243c877","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100127","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/05hkkdn48","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Werner Brockherde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems (IMS), Duisburg, Germany","[Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems IMS, Duisburg, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems (IMS), Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems IMS, Duisburg, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042676691","display_name":"B.J. Hosticka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100127","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01243c877","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100127","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/05hkkdn48","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bedrich J. Hosticka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems (IMS), Duisburg, Germany","[Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems IMS, Duisburg, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems (IMS), Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems IMS, Duisburg, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059943616","display_name":"Anton Grabmaier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4882-4223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100127","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01243c877","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100127","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/05hkkdn48","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anton Grabmaier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems (IMS), Duisburg, Germany","[Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems IMS, Duisburg, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems (IMS), Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems IMS, Duisburg, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"200","last_page":"203"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13869","display_name":"Ocular and Laser Science Research","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10540","display_name":"Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7503219842910767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5785853862762451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.5667775869369507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos-sensor","display_name":"CMOS sensor","score":0.4815852642059326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4623523950576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.45950978994369507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse","display_name":"Pulse (music)","score":0.4450588822364807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.438117653131485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-range","display_name":"Dynamic range","score":0.4211186468601227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.33815014362335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.33627891540527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.2884606719017029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2502185106277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20150765776634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.17793697118759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.08367559313774109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7503219842910767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5785853862762451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.5667775869369507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210745","display_name":"CMOS sensor","level":3,"score":0.4815852642059326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4623523950576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.45950978994369507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.4450588822364807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.438117653131485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.4211186468601227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.33815014362335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.33627891540527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.2884606719017029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2502185106277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20150765776634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.17793697118759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.08367559313774109}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/esscirc.2009.5325991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esscirc.2009.5325991","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 Proceedings of ESSCIRC","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-105076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-105076.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer IMS","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/362784","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/362784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975328031","https://openalex.org/W2038643807","https://openalex.org/W2125324505","https://openalex.org/W2127119965","https://openalex.org/W6678656039"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200290804","https://openalex.org/W2352535872","https://openalex.org/W2022123780","https://openalex.org/W2349576212","https://openalex.org/W1981776476","https://openalex.org/W7077903","https://openalex.org/W2334823507","https://openalex.org/W2139783875","https://openalex.org/W2107073676","https://openalex.org/W1966415111"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"novel":[1],"time-of-flight":[2],"(ToF)":[3],"3D-image":[4],"sensor":[5,96],"based":[6],"on":[7],"photogate":[8,59],"(PG)":[9],"active":[10],"pixel":[11,55],"structures":[12],"fabricated":[13,95],"in":[14],"a":[15,28,58,104,111,122],"standard":[16],"0.35":[17],"mum":[18,68],"CMOS":[19],"process":[20],"is":[21],"presented.":[22],"Distance":[23],"measurements":[24,47],"are":[25],"performed":[26],"using":[27,121],"pulsed":[29],"near-infrared":[30],"(lambda":[31],"=":[32,64],"905":[33],"nm)":[34],"laser":[35,86,124],"with":[36],"pulse":[37,87],"widths":[38],"of":[39,57,84,107,115],"30":[40,65,67],"ns":[41,44],"to":[42,49],"60":[43],"for":[45],"distance":[46],"up":[48],"9":[50],"m.":[51],"The":[52],"developed":[53],"ToF":[54],"consists":[56],"(A":[60],"<sub":[61],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[62,70,119],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">PG</sub>":[63],"x":[66,99],"<sup":[69,118],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[71,120],")":[72],"and":[73,89,102,110],"four":[74],"floating":[75],"diffusion":[76],"(FD)":[77],"readout":[78],"nodes,":[79],"which":[80],"enable":[81],"the":[82],"detection":[83],"reflected":[85],"delay":[88],"efficient":[90],"ambient":[91],"light":[92],"suppression.":[93],"Our":[94],"contains":[97],"4":[98],"16":[100],"pixels":[101],"exhibits":[103],"dynamic":[105],"range":[106],"56":[108],"dB":[109],"noise":[112],"equivalent":[113],"power":[114],"4.46":[116],"W/m":[117],"single":[123],"pulse.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}