{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388483873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esem56168.2023.10304855","title":"ToxiSpanSE: An Explainable Toxicity Detection in Code Review Comments","display_name":"ToxiSpanSE: An Explainable Toxicity Detection in Code Review Comments","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388483873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esem56168.2023.10304855"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/esem56168.2023.10304855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esem56168.2023.10304855","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082753461","display_name":"Jaydeb Sarker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6440-7596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185443292","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaydeb Sarker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wayne State University,Detroit,Michigan,USA","Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wayne State University,Detroit,Michigan,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079687753","display_name":"Sayma Sultana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8316-2560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185443292","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sayma Sultana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wayne State University,Detroit,Michigan,USA","Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wayne State University,Detroit,Michigan,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040734843","display_name":"Steven R. Wilson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2458-0439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177721651","display_name":"Oakland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ythxj32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven R. Wilson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oakland University,Rochester,Michigan,USA","Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oakland University,Rochester,Michigan,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078536980","display_name":"Amiangshu Bosu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3178-6232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185443292","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amiangshu Bosu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wayne State University,Detroit,Michigan,USA","Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wayne State University,Detroit,Michigan,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4791,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97566231,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.666304886341095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5426848530769348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxicity","display_name":"Toxicity","score":0.4973194897174835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4664057791233063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4582570791244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3694610595703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3250657320022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.17606854438781738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.11200636625289917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.666304886341095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5426848530769348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.4973194897174835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4664057791233063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4582570791244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3694610595703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3250657320022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.17606854438781738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.11200636625289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/esem56168.2023.10304855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esem56168.2023.10304855","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W357252121","https://openalex.org/W1519052312","https://openalex.org/W1544505227","https://openalex.org/W1724486527","https://openalex.org/W1871142974","https://openalex.org/W1975879668","https://openalex.org/W2012378416","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2133943399","https://openalex.org/W2139888022","https://openalex.org/W2143017621","https://openalex.org/W2160685721","https://openalex.org/W2181854537","https://openalex.org/W2512937089","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2571312737","https://openalex.org/W2604821579","https://openalex.org/W2760103715","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2920807444","https://openalex.org/W2944944282","https://openalex.org/W2963748066","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2970487286","https://openalex.org/W2970597249","https://openalex.org/W2971150411","https://openalex.org/W2978017171","https://openalex.org/W2979826702","https://openalex.org/W2996428491","https://openalex.org/W2996440722","https://openalex.org/W3034444624","https://openalex.org/W3090115945","https://openalex.org/W3090254769","https://openalex.org/W3090324622","https://openalex.org/W3100456868","https://openalex.org/W3100910918","https://openalex.org/W3130857423","https://openalex.org/W3134691252","https://openalex.org/W3173380736","https://openalex.org/W3174501163","https://openalex.org/W3176196997","https://openalex.org/W3183671432","https://openalex.org/W3184890107","https://openalex.org/W3185847553","https://openalex.org/W3186727973","https://openalex.org/W3194283088","https://openalex.org/W4205734215","https://openalex.org/W4224323965","https://openalex.org/W4285246417","https://openalex.org/W4309618999","https://openalex.org/W4312771354","https://openalex.org/W4313547545","https://openalex.org/W4313563829","https://openalex.org/W4319737124","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6632555176","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6763701032","https://openalex.org/W6766673545","https://openalex.org/W6768021236","https://openalex.org/W6768851824","https://openalex.org/W6772053025","https://openalex.org/W7026786043"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088620963","https://openalex.org/W2402743643","https://openalex.org/W4313063054","https://openalex.org/W2170271130","https://openalex.org/W2366254154","https://openalex.org/W2394064515","https://openalex.org/W2050989825","https://openalex.org/W2367600771","https://openalex.org/W2402458209","https://openalex.org/W2162855566"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"The":[1],"existence":[2],"of":[3,86,136,152],"toxic":[4,34,50,87,103,119,125,129,174,195],"conversations":[5],"in":[6,36,197,210],"open-source":[7],"platforms":[8],"can":[9,82,93],"degrade":[10],"relationships":[11],"among":[12],"software":[13,19],"developers":[14],"and":[15,142,170],"may":[16],"negatively":[17],"impact":[18],"product":[20],"quality.":[21],"To":[22],"help":[23,55,94],"mitigate":[24],"this,":[25],"some":[26],"initial":[27],"work":[28],"has":[29],"been":[30],"done":[31],"to":[32,58,67,193,207],"detect":[33,83,194],"comments":[35,116],"the":[37,60,74,111,124,163,183,190,198,211],"Software":[38],"Engineering":[39],"(SE)":[40],"domain.":[41,76,185],"Aims:":[42],"Since":[43,187],"automatically":[44,98],"classifying":[45],"an":[46,69,149,178],"entire":[47],"text":[48],"as":[49],"or":[51],"non-toxic":[52],"does":[53],"not":[54],"human":[56,95],"moderators":[57,96],"understand":[59],"specific":[61,84],"reason(s)":[62],"for":[63,73,173,182],"toxicity,":[64],"we":[65,155],"worked":[66],"develop":[68],"explainable":[70,79,179],"toxicity":[71,80,180,209],"detector":[72,81],"SE":[75,90,184,199,212],"Method:":[77],"Our":[78,121],"spans":[85,126,196],"content":[88],"from":[89],"texts,":[91],"which":[92],"by":[97],"highlighting":[99],"those":[100],"spans.":[101,120],"This":[102],"span":[104],"detection":[105],"model,":[106],"ToxiSpanSE,":[107],"is":[108,189],"trained":[109],"with":[110,117,166],"19,651":[112],"code":[113],"review":[114],"(CR)":[115],"labeled":[118,123],"annotators":[122],"within":[127],"3,757":[128],"CR":[130],"samples.":[131],"We":[132],"explored":[133],"several":[134],"types":[135],"models,":[137,154],"including":[138],"one":[139],"lexicon-based":[140],"approach":[141],"five":[143],"different":[144],"transformer-based":[145],"encoders.":[146],"Results:":[147],"After":[148],"extensive":[150],"evaluation":[151],"all":[153],"found":[156],"that":[157],"our":[158],"fine-tuned":[159],"RoBERTa":[160],"model":[161],"achieved":[162],"best":[164],"score":[165],"0.88$F1$,":[167],"0.87":[168],"precision,":[169],"0.93":[171],"recall":[172],"class":[175],"tokens,":[176],"providing":[177],"classifier":[181],"Conclusion:":[186],"ToxiSpanSE":[188],"first":[191],"tool":[192,202],"domain,":[200],"this":[201],"will":[203],"pave":[204],"a":[205],"path":[206],"combat":[208],"community.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}