{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2980524392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esem.2019.8870187","title":"Why is Developing Machine Learning Applications Challenging? A Study on Stack Overflow Posts","display_name":"Why is Developing Machine Learning Applications Challenging? A Study on Stack Overflow Posts","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2980524392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esem.2019.8870187","mag":"2980524392"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/esem.2019.8870187","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esem.2019.8870187","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009420454","display_name":"Moayad Alshangiti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3647-9581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moayad Alshangiti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053521358","display_name":"Hitesh Sapkota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5717-8753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hitesh Sapkota","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039587200","display_name":"Pradeep K. Murukannaiah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1261-6908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pradeep K. Murukannaiah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072774403","display_name":"Xumin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6109-4851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xumin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081837918","display_name":"Qi Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0426-5407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.124,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97315606,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7979142665863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7918776273727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5585052371025085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.5183876156806946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5029014945030212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4957762658596039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4889184534549713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.4802025556564331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.45463767647743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.45424944162368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45192641019821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4276854395866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.41596120595932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.14004886150360107}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7979142665863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7918776273727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5585052371025085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5183876156806946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5029014945030212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4957762658596039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4889184534549713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.4802025556564331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.45463767647743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.45424944162368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45192641019821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4276854395866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.41596120595932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.14004886150360107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/esem.2019.8870187","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esem.2019.8870187","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1974311367","https://openalex.org/W1981795678","https://openalex.org/W1994752404","https://openalex.org/W2038043464","https://openalex.org/W2056894403","https://openalex.org/W2070823011","https://openalex.org/W2093400716","https://openalex.org/W2108545456","https://openalex.org/W2108816886","https://openalex.org/W2114107375","https://openalex.org/W2116875384","https://openalex.org/W2123246351","https://openalex.org/W2132613313","https://openalex.org/W2143244606","https://openalex.org/W2159426623","https://openalex.org/W2168970028","https://openalex.org/W2170045560","https://openalex.org/W2293877768","https://openalex.org/W2345597971","https://openalex.org/W2357927175","https://openalex.org/W2366532918","https://openalex.org/W2400323868","https://openalex.org/W2401413208","https://openalex.org/W2407572104","https://openalex.org/W2511548333","https://openalex.org/W2545778708","https://openalex.org/W2751380022","https://openalex.org/W2788079077","https://openalex.org/W2789661710","https://openalex.org/W2807910285","https://openalex.org/W2895297154","https://openalex.org/W2964284859","https://openalex.org/W3103014234","https://openalex.org/W4231510805","https://openalex.org/W4242735266","https://openalex.org/W4246606684","https://openalex.org/W6639619044","https://openalex.org/W6681323154","https://openalex.org/W6683333316","https://openalex.org/W6713850750","https://openalex.org/W6748504360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W1567818861","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W4256492088","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W2055733372","https://openalex.org/W2993977687"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"As":[1],"smart":[2],"and":[3,43,65,123,141,187,198,226,232],"automated":[4],"applications":[5,140],"pervade":[6],"our":[7],"lives,":[8],"an":[9,109],"increasing":[10],"number":[11],"of":[12,45,61,104,112,130,137,160,174,194,202,239],"software":[13,36],"developers":[14,37,56,247],"are":[15,92,191,221],"required":[16],"to":[17,39,52,68,134,144],"incorporate":[18],"machine":[19],"learning":[20],"(ML)":[21],"techniques":[22],"into":[23],"application":[24,63],"development.":[25],"However,":[26],"acquiring":[27],"the":[28,41,46,54,59,70,135,142,178,184,195,223,236,249],"ML":[29,47,62,91,139,152,175,207,211,240],"skill":[30],"set":[31,103],"can":[32],"be":[33],"nontrivial":[34],"for":[35],"owing":[38],"both":[40],"breadth":[42],"depth":[44],"domain.":[48],"Aims:":[49],"We":[50,107,119],"seek":[51],"understand":[53],"challenges":[55,89,136,196,204,220],"face":[57],"in":[58,177],"process":[60],"development":[64,88],"offer":[66],"insights":[67],"simplify":[69],"process.":[71],"Despite":[72],"its":[73],"importance,":[74],"there":[75,170],"has":[76],"been":[77],"little":[78],"research":[79,131],"on":[80,87,116,127,163],"this":[81],"topic.":[82],"A":[83],"few":[84],"existing":[85],"studies":[86],"with":[90],"outdated,":[93],"small":[94],"scale,":[95],"or":[96],"they":[97],"do":[98],"no":[99],"involve":[100],"a":[101,128,156,172],"representative":[102],"developers.":[105],"Method:":[106],"conduct":[108],"empirical":[110],"study":[111],"ML-related":[113],"developer":[114],"posts":[115],"Stack":[117,164,179],"Overflow.":[118],"perform":[120],"in-depth":[121],"quantitative":[122],"qualitative":[124],"analyses":[125],"focusing":[126],"series":[129],"questions":[132,153,162],"related":[133],"developing":[138],"directions":[143],"address":[145],"them.":[146],"Results:":[147],"Our":[148,215],"findings":[149,216],"include:":[150],"(1)":[151],"suffer":[154],"from":[155],"much":[157,242],"higher":[158,243],"percentage":[159],"unanswered":[161],"Overflow":[165,180],"than":[166,210,248],"other":[167],"domains;":[168],"(2)":[169],"is":[171],"lack":[173],"experts":[176],"QA":[181],"community;":[182],"(3)":[183],"data":[185,224],"preprocessing":[186],"model":[188,227],"deployment":[189,228],"phases":[190],"where":[192],"most":[193,201,219],"lay;":[197],"(4)":[199],"addressing":[200],"these":[203],"require":[205],"more":[206],"implementation":[208,237],"knowledge":[209],"conceptual":[212,250],"knowledge.":[213],"Conclusions:":[214],"suggest":[217],"that":[218],"under":[222],"preparation":[225],"phases,":[229],"i.e.,":[230],"early":[231],"late":[233],"stages.":[234],"Also,":[235],"aspect":[238],"shows":[241],"difficulty":[244],"level":[245],"among":[246],"aspect.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}