{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2981088827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esem.2019.8870156","title":"A Large-Scale Empirical Study on Control Flow Identification of Smart Contracts","display_name":"A Large-Scale Empirical Study on Control Flow Identification of Smart Contracts","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2981088827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esem.2019.8870156","mag":"2981088827"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/esem.2019.8870156","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esem.2019.8870156","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443178","display_name":"Ting Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9165-8331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cybersecurity, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cybersecurity, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100780268","display_name":"Xiaosong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9886-1412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaosong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cybersecurity UESTC, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cybersecurity UESTC, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100342798","display_name":"Zihao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4382-577X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cybersecurity UESTC, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cybersecurity UESTC, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100324328","display_name":"Yufei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7875-7490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cybersecurity UESTC, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cybersecurity UESTC, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100400376","display_name":"Xiapu Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9082-3208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiapu Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100428026","display_name":"Ting Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4927-5833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042835723","display_name":"Teng Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8624-0210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teng Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cybersecurity UESTC, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cybersecurity UESTC, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010034174","display_name":"Xiuzhuo Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuzhuo Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cybersecurity UESTC, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cybersecurity UESTC, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030163458","display_name":"Dong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2566-866X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157345","display_name":"Venus Medtech (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05xzt2h26","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157345"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ADLab of Venustech, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ADLab of Venustech, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157345"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064049338","display_name":"Jin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-7678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157345","display_name":"Venus Medtech (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05xzt2h26","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157345"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ADLab of Venustech, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ADLab of Venustech, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157345"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5907,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88001072,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7627089619636536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"Static analysis","score":0.7054456472396851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow","display_name":"Control flow","score":0.6213867664337158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5863204598426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5593262314796448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.5067968964576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.49039721488952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4650837779045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complement","display_name":"Complement (music)","score":0.4628341495990753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-program-analysis","display_name":"Static program analysis","score":0.42937517166137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4074687957763672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.22033703327178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.15816357731819153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.11338704824447632}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7627089619636536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.7054456472396851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160191386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868299","display_name":"Control flow","level":2,"score":0.6213867664337158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5863204598426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5593262314796448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5067968964576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.49039721488952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4650837779045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.4628341495990753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.42937517166137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4074687957763672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22033703327178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.15816357731819153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.11338704824447632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127716648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053","display_name":"Phenotype","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188082640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780899","display_name":"Complementation","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/esem.2019.8870156","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esem.2019.8870156","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22858107","https://openalex.org/W1532974800","https://openalex.org/W1564075167","https://openalex.org/W1992055950","https://openalex.org/W2023380813","https://openalex.org/W2101512909","https://openalex.org/W2164649341","https://openalex.org/W2496999134","https://openalex.org/W2514974017","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2584029330","https://openalex.org/W2598139937","https://openalex.org/W2751862727","https://openalex.org/W2755935712","https://openalex.org/W2765192396","https://openalex.org/W2787648539","https://openalex.org/W2790202156","https://openalex.org/W2792261072","https://openalex.org/W2805827286","https://openalex.org/W2846896781","https://openalex.org/W2876843022","https://openalex.org/W2884898944","https://openalex.org/W2885254001","https://openalex.org/W2888928288","https://openalex.org/W2908007588","https://openalex.org/W2949557841","https://openalex.org/W2963610883","https://openalex.org/W2982383932","https://openalex.org/W3140804348","https://openalex.org/W6633665954","https://openalex.org/W6724342392","https://openalex.org/W6743674107","https://openalex.org/W6754519360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388483122","https://openalex.org/W4387126921","https://openalex.org/W3030592833","https://openalex.org/W2354385412","https://openalex.org/W2032897247","https://openalex.org/W4297908618","https://openalex.org/W4245904369","https://openalex.org/W2765641823","https://openalex.org/W4384302888","https://openalex.org/W1543331277"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Millions":[1],"of":[2,40,68,76,133,141,215,230,238],"smart":[3,24,36,112,119,135,163],"contracts":[4,25,120,136,164],"have":[5],"been":[6],"deployed":[7,118],"to":[8,32,45,72,81,85,121,125,137,171,183,188,222,235],"Ethereum":[9],"for":[10,111,159],"providing":[11],"various":[12],"applications.":[13],"Recent":[14],"studies":[15],"discovered":[16],"many":[17],"severe":[18],"security":[19],"and":[20,84],"performance":[21],"issues":[22],"in":[23,162,201],"by":[26,115,144,150,169,209,220],"applying":[27],"static":[28,77,88,231],"program":[29,78,89],"analysis":[30,42,79,90,114,232],"techniques":[31,43,80,91,233],"them.":[33],"Given":[34],"a":[35,103,155],"contract,":[37],"the":[38,74,96,139,166,174,206,211,228,236],"majority":[39],"these":[41,199],"need":[44],"first":[46],"construct":[47],"its":[48],"control":[49,57],"flow":[50,58],"graph,":[51],"which":[52],"connects":[53],"basic":[54],"blocks":[55],"through":[56],"transfers":[59],"(CFTs),":[60],"before":[61],"conducting":[62],"further":[63],"analysis.":[64],"Aims:":[65],"The":[66],"objective":[67],"this":[69],"work":[70],"is":[71,176],"understand":[73,122],"capabilities":[75,124],"identify":[82,184],"CFTs,":[83],"investigate":[86,172],"how":[87,173],"can":[92,217],"be":[93,218],"improved":[94],"if":[95],"CFTs":[97,142,167,186,207],"are":[98,147],"complemented.":[99],"Method:":[100],"We":[101,128,153],"perform":[102],"comprehensive":[104],"empirical":[105],"study":[106,226],"on":[107],"six":[108],"widely-used":[109],"tools":[110,181],"contract":[113],"using":[116],"all":[117,130,134,185],"their":[123],"recognize":[126],"CFTs.":[127,203],"capture":[129],"execution":[131],"traces":[132,145,170,196],"evaluate":[138],"number":[140],"covered":[143,168,208],"that":[146],"not":[148],"found":[149],"those":[151],"tools.":[152],"enhance":[154],"state-of-the-art":[156],"tool,":[157],"OYENTE":[158,216],"discovering":[160],"vulnerabilities":[161],"with":[165],"tool":[175,200],"improved.":[177],"Results:":[178],"These":[179],"studied":[180],"fail":[182],"due":[187,234],"several":[189],"reasons,":[190],"e.g.,":[191],"incomplete":[192],"code":[193],"patterns.":[194],"Execution":[195],"effectively":[197],"complement":[198],"recognizing":[202],"By":[204],"including":[205],"traces,":[210],"false":[212],"negative":[213],"rate":[214],"reduced":[219],"up":[221],"30%.":[223],"Conclusions:":[224],"Our":[225],"underlines":[227],"ineffectiveness":[229],"incapabilities":[237],"CFT":[239],"identification.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
