{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2118898105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/enabl.2003.1231419","title":"Design and implementation of virtual private services","display_name":"Design and implementation of virtual private services","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2118898105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/enabl.2003.1231419","mag":"2118898105"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/enabl.2003.1231419","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/enabl.2003.1231419","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"WET ICE 2003. Proceedings. Twelfth IEEE International Workshops on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises, 2003.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8862p5v","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022073151","display_name":"Sotiris Ioannidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9340-2241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. Ioannidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, USA","Pennsylvania Univ., PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania Univ., PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078255942","display_name":"Steven M. Bellovin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1231-0407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283103587","display_name":"AT&T (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbd5539","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.M. Bellovin","raw_affiliation_strings":["AT and T Research Laboratories, USA","At&T#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT and T Research Laboratories, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"At&T#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070446713","display_name":"John P. A. Ioannidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3118-6859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283103587","display_name":"AT&T (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbd5539","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Ioannidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["AT and T Research Laboratories, USA","At&T#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT and T Research Laboratories, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"At&T#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023057383","display_name":"Angelos D. Keromytis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3815-5932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.D. Keromytis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, USA","Columbia University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104018094","display_name":"Jonathan M. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3309-6603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.M. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, USA","#N#               * University of Pennsylvania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N#               * University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022073151"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626","https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1592,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9407427,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"269","last_page":"274"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.741313099861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enforcement","display_name":"Enforcement","score":0.6963655948638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6417282819747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-control","display_name":"Access control","score":0.615749180316925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security-policy","display_name":"Network security policy","score":0.5660271644592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-policy","display_name":"Security policy","score":0.5352521538734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4935342073440552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-network","display_name":"Private network","score":0.4820916950702667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4349759519100189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-policy","display_name":"Privacy policy","score":0.42659708857536316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security-model","display_name":"Computer security model","score":0.41559773683547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.3062254786491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-service","display_name":"Security service","score":0.26240378618240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.21311941742897034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09587523341178894}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.741313099861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.6963655948638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6417282819747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.615749180316925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117110713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394676","display_name":"Network security policy","level":4,"score":0.5660271644592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154908896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167404","display_name":"Security policy","level":2,"score":0.5352521538734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4935342073440552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117387248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11186","display_name":"Private network","level":2,"score":0.4820916950702667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4349759519100189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102938260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999831","display_name":"Privacy policy","level":3,"score":0.42659708857536316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121822524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157582","display_name":"Computer security model","level":2,"score":0.41559773683547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.3062254786491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.26240378618240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.21311941742897034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09587523341178894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":11,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/enabl.2003.1231419","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/enabl.2003.1231419","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"WET ICE 2003. Proceedings. Twelfth IEEE International Workshops on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises, 2003.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:cis_papers-1038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=cis_papers","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Departmental Papers (CIS)","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.110.3003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.110.3003","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~smb/papers/vps.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.3.4509","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.3.4509","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~angelos/Papers/vps.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.304.7842","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.304.7842","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~smb/papers/vps.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.4.9152","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.4.9152","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~sotiris/papers/vps.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.5.2167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.5.2167","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~sotiris/papers/wetice03.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.57.6387","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.57.6387","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.research.att.com/~smb/papers/vps.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:academiccommons.columbia.edu:10.7916/D8862P5V","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/D8862P5V","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:20.500.14332/6424","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/6424","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"published","raw_type":"Presentation"},{"id":"doi:10.7916/d8862p5v","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8862p5v","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7916/d8862p5v","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8862p5v","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5043811","https://openalex.org/W62390653","https://openalex.org/W1482766136","https://openalex.org/W1508969946","https://openalex.org/W1526098002","https://openalex.org/W1553478841","https://openalex.org/W1576501285","https://openalex.org/W1578158641","https://openalex.org/W1584514021","https://openalex.org/W1588567874","https://openalex.org/W1592472943","https://openalex.org/W1602897534","https://openalex.org/W1644882639","https://openalex.org/W1650006494","https://openalex.org/W1678529581","https://openalex.org/W1752750208","https://openalex.org/W1811337449","https://openalex.org/W1837136310","https://openalex.org/W1860215963","https://openalex.org/W1923195206","https://openalex.org/W1958859150","https://openalex.org/W1964004425","https://openalex.org/W2036790532","https://openalex.org/W2039553546","https://openalex.org/W2049217529","https://openalex.org/W2049962807","https://openalex.org/W2066137796","https://openalex.org/W2079029390","https://openalex.org/W2110378901","https://openalex.org/W2111087562","https://openalex.org/W2120945246","https://openalex.org/W2129780932","https://openalex.org/W2134727543","https://openalex.org/W2144221953","https://openalex.org/W2145287008","https://openalex.org/W2148620466","https://openalex.org/W2166975838","https://openalex.org/W2167800525","https://openalex.org/W2167911131","https://openalex.org/W2294783442","https://openalex.org/W2342083136","https://openalex.org/W2402789968","https://openalex.org/W2499974232","https://openalex.org/W4242574860","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6628871506","https://openalex.org/W6630474756","https://openalex.org/W6637497801","https://openalex.org/W6640594298","https://openalex.org/W6640844813","https://openalex.org/W6684410126","https://openalex.org/W6684764998","https://openalex.org/W6713079407","https://openalex.org/W6902590832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2188814192","https://openalex.org/W1519114293","https://openalex.org/W2151761340","https://openalex.org/W2111277540","https://openalex.org/W3094039898","https://openalex.org/W2173238669","https://openalex.org/W2130339907","https://openalex.org/W2375663084","https://openalex.org/W2114705216","https://openalex.org/W2153264224"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"scale":[1],"distributed":[2,21],"applications":[3],"such":[4],"as":[5],"electronic":[6],"commerce":[7],"and":[8,17,29,55,68,92,126,137,148,163,167],"online":[9],"marketplaces":[10],"combine":[11],"network":[12],"access":[13],"with":[14,113],"multiple":[15,48],"storage":[16],"computational":[18],"elements.":[19],"The":[20],"responsibility":[22],"for":[23],"resource":[24],"control":[25],"creates":[26],"new":[27,75],"security":[28,104,110,116,147],"privacy":[30,149],"issues,":[31],"which":[32],"are":[33,66,151],"exacerbated":[34],"by":[35],"the":[36,39,50,99,102,131,138],"complexity":[37],"of":[38,101,124,177],"operating":[40],"environment.":[41],"In":[42],"order":[43],"to":[44,60,70,130,135,153],"handle":[45],"policies":[46,150],"at":[47],"locations,":[49],"usual":[51],"tools":[52],"available":[53],"(firewalls":[54],"compartmented":[56],"file":[57],"storage)":[58],"get":[59],"be":[61],"used":[62],"in":[63],"ways":[64],"that":[65,174],"clumsy":[67],"prone":[69],"failure.":[71],"We":[72,159],"propose":[73],"a":[74,164,169],"approach,":[76],"virtual":[77,109],"private":[78,144],"services.":[79],"Our":[80],"approach":[81],"relies":[82],"on":[83],"two":[84],"functional":[85],"divisions.":[86],"First,":[87],"we":[88,107],"split":[89],"policy":[90,93,156,178],"specification":[91],"enforcement,":[94],"providing":[95],"local":[96],"autonomy":[97],"within":[98],"constraints":[100],"global":[103],"policy.":[105,117],"Second,":[106],"create":[108],"domains,":[111],"each":[112],"its":[114],"own":[115],"Every":[118],"domain":[119],"has":[120],"an":[121],"associated":[122],"set":[123],"privileges":[125],"permissions":[127],"restricting":[128],"it":[129,133,140],"resources":[132],"needs":[134],"use":[136],"services":[139,145],"must":[141],"perform.":[142],"Virtual":[143],"ensure":[146],"adhered":[152],"through":[154],"coordinated":[155],"enforcement":[157,179],"points.":[158],"describe":[160],"our":[161,175],"architecture":[162],"prototype":[165],"implementation,":[166],"present":[168],"preliminary":[170],"performance":[171],"evaluation":[172],"confirming":[173],"overhead":[176],"using":[180],"is":[181],"small.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}