{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405491457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782941","title":"Diagnosis of schizophrenia using an extended multivariate autoregressive model for EEGs","display_name":"Diagnosis of schizophrenia using an extended multivariate autoregressive model for EEGs","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405491457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782941","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40039033"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782941","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782941","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036997150","display_name":"A.R. Torabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4976-7080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Torabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["McMaster University,Dept. of Elec and Comp Eng,Hamilton,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McMaster University,Dept. of Elec and Comp Eng,Hamilton,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045627956","display_name":"J.P. Reilly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4109-1186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Reilly","raw_affiliation_strings":["McMaster University,Dept. of Elec and Comp Eng,Hamilton,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McMaster University,Dept. of Elec and Comp Eng,Hamilton,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008630587","display_name":"Duncan J. MacCrimmon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duncan MacCrimmon","raw_affiliation_strings":["McMaster University,Hamilton,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McMaster University,Hamilton,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30805102,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2024","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoregressive-model","display_name":"Autoregressive model","score":0.8710898160934448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-statistics","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","score":0.7545013427734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schizophrenia","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","score":0.6955125331878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5270885825157166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/star-model","display_name":"STAR model","score":0.49024492502212524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41528552770614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3784869313240051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.3678591251373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2548254132270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoregressive-integrated-moving-average","display_name":"Autoregressive integrated moving average","score":0.22288444638252258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21677610278129578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.14981737732887268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.8710898160934448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.7545013427734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431605","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.6955125331878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5270885825157166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194657046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7394685","display_name":"STAR model","level":4,"score":0.49024492502212524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41528552770614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3784869313240051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3678591251373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2548254132270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24338571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2566298","display_name":"Autoregressive integrated moving average","level":3,"score":0.22288444638252258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21677610278129578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.14981737732887268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005072","descriptor_name":"Evoked Potentials, Auditory","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012044","descriptor_name":"Regression Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782941","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782941","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:40039033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40039033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482825986","https://openalex.org/W1517682131","https://openalex.org/W1822098178","https://openalex.org/W2019532214","https://openalex.org/W2072522604","https://openalex.org/W2078653879","https://openalex.org/W2079733958","https://openalex.org/W2079871311","https://openalex.org/W2132507555","https://openalex.org/W2151226328","https://openalex.org/W2154053567","https://openalex.org/W2157106546","https://openalex.org/W2281380552","https://openalex.org/W2346353886","https://openalex.org/W2500570428","https://openalex.org/W2518238252","https://openalex.org/W2556806676","https://openalex.org/W2954043846","https://openalex.org/W2962954129","https://openalex.org/W3022372296","https://openalex.org/W3037893502","https://openalex.org/W3047317722","https://openalex.org/W3134815881","https://openalex.org/W3158343957","https://openalex.org/W3175296793","https://openalex.org/W3203106226","https://openalex.org/W4220811201","https://openalex.org/W4287689466","https://openalex.org/W4291910531","https://openalex.org/W4297850989","https://openalex.org/W6679853467","https://openalex.org/W6682361391","https://openalex.org/W6781905506"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2439807930","https://openalex.org/W2009692134","https://openalex.org/W1972271943","https://openalex.org/W2019155478","https://openalex.org/W2024529895","https://openalex.org/W2168175994","https://openalex.org/W1902630399","https://openalex.org/W2120434453","https://openalex.org/W3120578569","https://openalex.org/W1487412319"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Schizophrenia":[0],"is":[1,20,32,52],"a":[2,55,157],"complex":[3],"brain":[4],"disorder":[5],"that":[6,60,171,227],"leads":[7],"to":[8,33,94,107,144,210],"an":[9,45,187],"abnormal":[10],"interpretation":[11],"of":[12,15,28,75,189,236],"reality.":[13],"One":[14],"its":[16],"reliable":[17],"biological":[18],"markers":[19],"the":[21,29,64,68,76,89,96,112,114,120,146,151,172,176,199,213,219,228,232],"auditory":[22,46],"evoked":[23],"potential":[24],"P300.":[25],"The":[26,49,139,168],"aim":[27],"current":[30],"paper":[31],"classify":[34],"healthy-control":[35],"subjects":[36],"from":[37,206],"schizophrenic":[38,166,182],"patients":[39],"using":[40,194],"EEG":[41,69],"signals":[42,78],"collected":[43],"during":[44],"oddball":[47],"paradigm.":[48],"electroencephalogram":[50],"(EEG)":[51],"modeled":[53],"by":[54,193],"multivariate":[56,122],"autoregressive":[57,123],"(MVAR)":[58],"model":[59,125,174,179],"takes":[61],"into":[62,81,156],"account":[63],"instantaneous":[65,109,115],"causality":[66],"between":[67,111,163],"channels.":[70],"After":[71],"preprocessing,":[72],"19":[73],"channels":[74],"recorded":[77],"were":[79,126,134,154],"divided":[80],"seven":[82],"clusters":[83],"based":[84],"on":[85],"their":[86],"location.":[87],"Next,":[88],"PCA":[90],"technique":[91],"was":[92,142,191,204,218],"employed":[93],"obtain":[95],"first":[97],"principal":[98],"component":[99],"inside":[100],"each":[101],"cluster.":[102],"By":[103],"imposing":[104],"realistic":[105],"constraints":[106],"estimate":[108],"effects":[110],"variables,":[113],"interactions":[116],"matrix":[117],"and,":[118],"consequently,":[119],"extended":[121,129],"(eMVAR)":[124],"estimated.":[127],"Then,":[128],"partial":[130],"directed":[131],"coherences":[132],"(ePDCs)":[133],"extracted":[135],"as":[136],"connectivity":[137,202],"features.":[138,197],"mRMR":[140],"algorithm":[141],"utilized":[143],"reduce":[145],"feature":[147,203],"dimension,":[148],"and":[149,165,212,234],"finally,":[150],"selected":[152],"features":[153],"imported":[155],"deep":[158],"neural":[159],"network":[160],"for":[161],"classification":[162],"healthy":[164],"states.":[167],"results":[169],"showed":[170],"eMVAR":[173,185],"outperformed":[175],"strictly":[177],"causal":[178],"in":[180],"classifying":[181],"patients.":[183],"With":[184],"modeling,":[186],"accuracy":[188],"91.11%":[190],"obtained":[192],"only":[195],"four":[196],"Furthermore,":[198],"most":[200,214],"discriminative":[201],"ePDC":[205],"left":[207],"posterior":[208],"(LP)":[209],"(LP),":[211],"informative":[215],"frequency":[216],"band":[217],"gamma":[220],"sub-band.":[221],"We":[222],"have":[223],"therefore":[224],"presented":[225],"evidence":[226],"proposed":[229],"approach":[230],"enhances":[231],"characterization":[233],"diagnosis":[235],"schizophrenia.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}