{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405488889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782706","title":"Utilizing Slope Entropy as an Effective Index for Wearable EEG-Based Depth of Anesthesia Monitoring","display_name":"Utilizing Slope Entropy as an Effective Index for Wearable EEG-Based Depth of Anesthesia Monitoring","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405488889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782706","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40040094"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782706","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782706","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009126986","display_name":"Mohammad Shahbakhti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6625-7923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172574986","display_name":"Kaunas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01me6gb93","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Shahbakhti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kaunas University of Technology,Biomedical Engineering Institute,Kaunas,Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kaunas University of Technology,Biomedical Engineering Institute,Kaunas,Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000087743","display_name":"Matin Beiramvand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2818-8036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matin Beiramvand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University,Faculty of Information Technology and Communication,Tampere,Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University,Faculty of Information Technology and Communication,Tampere,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065965828","display_name":"Somayeh Mohammadi Far","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6167-5840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126596746","display_name":"Jagiellonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03bqmcz70","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126596746"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Somayeh Mohammadi Far","raw_affiliation_strings":["AGH University of Krakow,Department of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering,Krakow,Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AGH University of Krakow,Department of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering,Krakow,Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I686019","https://openalex.org/I126596746"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088107746","display_name":"Jordi Sol\u00e9\u2010Casals","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6534-1979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115304662","display_name":"Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/006zjws59","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115304662"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jordi Sol\u00e9-Casals","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Vic–Central University of Catalonia,Data and Signal Processing Research Group,Vic,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Vic–Central University of Catalonia,Data and Signal Processing Research Group,Vic,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115304662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047884065","display_name":"Tarmo Lipping","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5112-2425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarmo Lipping","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University,Faculty of Information Technology and Communication,Tampere,Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University,Faculty of Information Technology and Communication,Tampere,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018197922","display_name":"Piotr Augustyniak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5986-3247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126596746","display_name":"Jagiellonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03bqmcz70","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126596746"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piotr Augustyniak","raw_affiliation_strings":["AGH University of Krakow,Department of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering,Krakow,Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AGH University of Krakow,Department of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering,Krakow,Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I686019","https://openalex.org/I126596746"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2943,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60020844,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2024","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10436","display_name":"Anesthesia and Sedative Agents","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.6662783622741699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.6359423398971558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5213557481765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.5181832909584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47292715311050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anesthesia","display_name":"Anesthesia","score":0.3733426332473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2386966049671173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.21390587091445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.13522371649742126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.0991811454296112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09041696786880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.051165640354156494}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.6662783622741699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.6359423398971558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5213557481765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5181832909584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47292715311050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.3733426332473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2386966049671173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.21390587091445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.13522371649742126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0991811454296112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09041696786880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.051165640354156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000758","descriptor_name":"Anesthesia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000758","descriptor_name":"Anesthesia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000758","descriptor_name":"Anesthesia","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019277","descriptor_name":"Entropy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019277","descriptor_name":"Entropy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019277","descriptor_name":"Entropy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782706","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782706","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:40040094","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40040094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082539619","https://openalex.org/W2130779027","https://openalex.org/W2594366335","https://openalex.org/W2803756686","https://openalex.org/W3162770738","https://openalex.org/W3210528721","https://openalex.org/W4284961545","https://openalex.org/W6610903548","https://openalex.org/W6771077680","https://openalex.org/W6786687743","https://openalex.org/W6858086691","https://openalex.org/W6993025517"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2922348724","https://openalex.org/W200322357","https://openalex.org/W2130428257","https://openalex.org/W4308951944","https://openalex.org/W2057366091","https://openalex.org/W4312960290","https://openalex.org/W2049513647","https://openalex.org/W2988848585","https://openalex.org/W4233722919","https://openalex.org/W4323929055"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Based":[0],"on":[1,51],"prior":[2],"research":[3],"indicating":[4],"a":[5,35,53,91,117,125,152],"decrease":[6],"in":[7,31,67],"the":[8,40,68,72,99,107,111,114,134,145,148],"spectral":[9],"slope":[10],"of":[11,42,47,77,113],"electroencephalogram":[12],"(EEG)":[13],"during":[14,20],"anesthesia":[15,43],"induction":[16],"and":[17,58,87,124,136],"an":[18],"increase":[19],"recovery,":[21],"we":[22],"propose":[23],"Slope":[24],"Entropy":[25],"(SlopEn),":[26],"which":[27],"uniquely":[28],"emphasizes":[29],"variations":[30],"signal":[32],"slope,":[33],"as":[34],"new":[36],"index":[37,96,139,154],"for":[38,93,155],"monitoring":[39,157],"depth":[41],"(DoA).":[44],"The":[45],"performance":[46],"SlopEn":[48,103,146],"is":[49,59],"investigated":[50],"just":[52],"single":[54,159],"frontal":[55,160],"EEG":[56,73,85,162],"channel":[57,161],"compared":[60],"against":[61],"other":[62],"well-known":[63],"entropy":[64,109],"metrics":[65],"utilized":[66],"field.":[69],"After":[70],"filtering":[71],"signal,":[74],"four":[75],"types":[76],"entropy,":[78],"including":[79],"SlopEn,":[80],"are":[81],"derived":[82],"from":[83,106],"all":[84],"sub-bands":[86],"separately":[88],"inputted":[89],"to":[90,150],"regressor":[92],"estimating":[94],"DoA":[95,138,156],"values.":[97,140],"Comparing":[98],"results":[100],"obtained":[101],"using":[102,158],"with":[104],"those":[105],"Sample":[108],"demonstrates":[110],"superiority":[112],"former,":[115],"achieving":[116],"higher":[118],"correlation":[119],"coefficient":[120],"(0.75":[121],"vs.":[122,131],"0.63)":[123],"lower":[126],"median":[127],"absolute":[128],"error":[129],"(4.2":[130],"6.2)":[132],"between":[133],"estimated":[135],"reference":[137],"These":[141],"findings":[142],"establish":[143],"that":[144],"has":[147],"potential":[149],"become":[151],"valuable":[153],"systems.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-29T08:53:18.405633","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}