{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405488914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782437","title":"Heart rate estimation using on-nail wearable photoplethysmography","display_name":"Heart rate estimation using on-nail wearable photoplethysmography","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405488914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782437","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40039860"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782437","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782437","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/files/304339481/2024_embc_alia_ppg_1_.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002267476","display_name":"Nur Alia Athirah Mohtadzar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4898-2088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nur Alia Athirah B. H. Mohtadzar","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Manchester,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Manchester,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Manchester,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Manchester,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017505052","display_name":"Ertan Balaban","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7904-6172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ertan Balaban","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Manchester,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Manchester,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Manchester,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Manchester,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025514548","display_name":"Christopher Beach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4964-3173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Beach","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Manchester,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Manchester,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Manchester,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Manchester,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063046443","display_name":"Paul S. Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7203-0215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul S. Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kent,School of Engineering,Kent,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kent,School of Engineering,Kent,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062466830","display_name":"Robert Horne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3476-5987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert J. Horne","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kent,School of Engineering,Kent,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kent,School of Engineering,Kent,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067298985","display_name":"John C. Batchelor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5139-5765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John C. Batchelor","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kent,School of Engineering,Kent,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kent,School of Engineering,Kent,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091104655","display_name":"Alexander J. Casson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1408-1190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander J. Casson","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Manchester,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Manchester,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Manchester,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Manchester,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2024","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11700","display_name":"Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.9458630681037903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.6445435285568237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5239627361297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.454325795173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17977342009544373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1392274796962738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.13622021675109863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.128423273563385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.9458630681037903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.6445435285568237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5239627361297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.454325795173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17977342009544373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1392274796962738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.13622021675109863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.128423273563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009262","descriptor_name":"Nails","qualifier_ui":"Q000098","qualifier_name":"blood supply","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009262","descriptor_name":"Nails","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009262","descriptor_name":"Nails","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782437","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782437","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:40039860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40039860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:kar.kent.ac.uk:108275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782437>)","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196264","display_name":"Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","host_organization_name":"University of Kent","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/90ad2f3f-c597-43da-9acb-4ed97d9871d1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/90ad2f3f-c597-43da-9acb-4ed97d9871d1","pdf_url":"https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/files/304339481/2024_embc_alia_ppg_1_.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Binti H. Mohtadzar, N A A, Balaban, E, Beach, C, Taylor, P S, Horne, R J, Batchelor, J C & Casson, A 2024, Heart rate estimation using on-nail wearable photoplethysmography. in 2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) : IEEE EMBC 2024. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC53108.2024.10782437","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/90ad2f3f-c597-43da-9acb-4ed97d9871d1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/90ad2f3f-c597-43da-9acb-4ed97d9871d1","pdf_url":"https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/files/304339481/2024_embc_alia_ppg_1_.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Binti H. Mohtadzar, N A A, Balaban, E, Beach, C, Taylor, P S, Horne, R J, Batchelor, J C & Casson, A 2024, Heart rate estimation using on-nail wearable photoplethysmography. in 2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) : IEEE EMBC 2024. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC53108.2024.10782437","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1365306326","display_name":"Passively Powered Non-invasive Human Body Sensing on Bio-Degradable Conformal Substrates","funder_award_id":"EP/P02713X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1798820676","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L019868/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3963232530","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R02331X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6135021961","display_name":"MultiSense - Devising and Manufacturing mm-Wave High Data Rate Low Latency On-Skin Technologies","funder_award_id":"EP/S020179/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6215740185","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N009118/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G739249310","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P027075/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G743333910","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S020160/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7663973248","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P02713X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G929568910","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S020179/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405488914.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005741801","https://openalex.org/W2083872334","https://openalex.org/W2151713296","https://openalex.org/W2395644623","https://openalex.org/W2530450109","https://openalex.org/W2555752707","https://openalex.org/W2588671571","https://openalex.org/W2618581983","https://openalex.org/W2889730139","https://openalex.org/W2945549072","https://openalex.org/W2992835693","https://openalex.org/W3005348902","https://openalex.org/W3015826261","https://openalex.org/W3135277974","https://openalex.org/W3194077052","https://openalex.org/W4250928742","https://openalex.org/W4385285628"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2732360296","https://openalex.org/W1994871954","https://openalex.org/W4297152434","https://openalex.org/W2072858761","https://openalex.org/W1540261775","https://openalex.org/W4205793574","https://openalex.org/W4225612652"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heart":[0],"Rate":[1],"(HR)":[2],"measurements":[3,51],"in":[4,75,140],"current":[5],"wearables":[6],"are":[7],"mostly":[8],"derived":[9],"from":[10,36,72,159],"photoplethysmography":[11],"(PPG).":[12],"PPG":[13,34,67,94],"signals":[14,35],"have":[15,29],"been":[16],"measured":[17],"at":[18],"various":[19],"locations":[20,74,124],"on":[21,56],"the":[22,37,101,145,153],"body,":[23],"however,":[24],"to":[25,53,69,82,131],"date,":[26],"limited":[27],"studies":[28],"investigated":[30],"wearable,":[31],"reflective":[32],"mode,":[33],"finger-":[38],"and":[39,58,77,86,117,122,134],"toe-":[40],"nails.":[41],"Being":[42],"rigid":[43],"surfaces,":[44],"they":[45],"may":[46,171],"provide":[47],"comparatively":[48],"motion":[49,127],"robust":[50],"compared":[52],"sensors":[54,163],"placed":[55],"flexible":[57],"stretchable":[59],"skin.":[60],"Here,":[61],"we":[62],"present":[63],"an":[64],"on-nail":[65],"wearable":[66],"sensor":[68],"estimate":[70],"HR":[71,95,157],"nail":[73,160],"motion-free":[76],"motion-present":[78],"recordings.":[79],"We":[80],"compare":[81],"commercial":[83],"electrocardiogram":[84],"(ECG)":[85],"pulse":[87],"oximeter":[88],"(PO)":[89],"units":[90],"for":[91,120,165,176],"20":[92],"participants.":[93,149],"estimation":[96],"demonstrated":[97],"strong":[98],"correlations":[99],"with":[100,105],"ECG":[102],"estimated":[103],"HR,":[104],"a":[106,168],"root":[107],"mean":[108],"square":[109],"error":[110],"of":[111,148,156],"1.6":[112],"beats":[113],"per":[114],"minute":[115],"(bpm)":[116],"2.2":[118],"bpm,":[119],"finger":[121],"toenail":[123],"respectively.":[125],"During":[126],"these":[128],"figures":[129],"increased":[130],"5.6":[132],"bpm":[133],"12.8":[135],"bpm.":[136],"No":[137],"substantial":[138],"difference":[139],"accuracy":[141],"was":[142],"found":[143],"across":[144],"skin":[146],"tone":[147],"These":[150],"results":[151],"demonstrate":[152],"potential":[154],"feasibility":[155],"monitoring":[158,175],"locations.":[161],"With":[162],"placed,":[164],"example,":[166],"inside":[167],"shoe,":[169],"this":[170],"offer":[172],"very":[173],"discrete":[174],"long":[177],"term":[178],"applications.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
